Alternative Medicine and Conventional medicine

Shahrzad Nikkhah Professor Keafer English 200 29 november 2012 Alternative Medicine Growing up in a family that has been using herbal medicine for years became a motivation for me to further my knowledge of this ancient practice of alternative medicine . The world health organization has announced that about 65 and 80 percent of world’s population uses traditional medicine, since the growing belief is that to get cured of disease you need to get to the root of the problem, and reach beyond the physical body.According to all the research it seems that alternative medicine is more effective , more economical , less invasive and harmful than conventional medicine. While It has been proven that state of mind and body are linked directly , mind body medicine helps in healing the body by changing the person’s attitude which effects the immune endocrine and nervous system, while stressed mind interrupts the functioning of the immune system and causes disease. More and more peo ple are relying on the power of prayers , meditation , and herbal medicine to protect their body from negative effect of stress hormone and proper break down of food in body.It has been shown that alternative medicine has helped many with depression and chronic pain, hypertension, and diabetes. Conventional medicine is a quick fix which prevents the body from stimulating the immune system to fight an infection as in antibiotics which destroys the valuable bacteria that helps with digestion. Since the production of antibodies slows down, it prevents the future healing. CAM ( another name for alternative medicine ) helps promote natural healing process while it has by far less side effects and harm to the other organs resulting in a long term benefit.Due to low cost of CAM higher low income population can afford the health care, while the conventional medicine cost has been on the rise over inflation and wage growth. With the 13 percent of 38 million adults who use CAM in conjunction with conventional medicine in the last year the poorer population with no health insurance has been benefiting from this method of treatment, since herbs is easier to obtain , naturally available and do not to be researched.Although , alternative medicine is not completely reliable to be used on serious illnesses many Americans have turned to alternative practices since they have not seen any positive results from standard medical or surgical treatment or because the traditional treatments are too expensive or dangerous. Most alternative medicine principle is to eradicate the problem from its roots. With serious dedication , discipline , and change of life style alternative medicine is personalized to suit the needs of individual.Works Cited: Grodjesk,Joe. â€Å"Sociology Of Medicine Alternative Medicine. â€Å"customessaymeister, May 5,2001 web. Crisenri. â€Å"Pros and cons of alternative medicine. † page1,June 2008 Diggs, Charles â€Å"Alternative medicine research papp er. † Oct 20,2009 web. Epiro, E. and Nancy Walsh. â€Å"Alternative Medicine–Part Two: Mind Body Medicine–Expanding Health Model. † Patient Care 15 Sept. 1997: 127-145. Smith, Brad. â€Å"Alternative Treatments Gain Acceptance. † Denver Business Journal 18 July 1997: 2B-4B.

The Solitary Reaper Essay

‘The Solitary Reaper† is one of William Wordsworth’s most famous post-Lyrical Ballads lyrics. It describes the poet’s delight in a young woman’s melancholy song in an unknown language. A highland girl is singing a ‘melancholy song’ as she wings a sickle and reaps grain. The song is carried through the hills and valleys and seems to echo all around. To the poet the song seems sweeter even than the song of Nightingale. He does not want anyone to disturb the enchanting melodious music emanating from her. The tone of this poem is pleasant and it is a poem of praise on the natural beauty of countryside as well as the relaxed life of the rural people. Stylistic plays a very import rule in any writing, which fully helps express the author’s feeling and create an unexpected effect. This article discusses the language of this poem from syntax, phonology and graphology, semantics, lexical, language usage and passage. 1. Syntax (1) Parallelisms refers to the same structure is repeated two or more than two times. It can produce some esthetic efforts: patterned and in rhyme, good to read. In Stanza2, â€Å"Among Arabian sands†¦Among the farthest Hebrides† emphasize the Scottish girl’s special voice, which shows that the poet was impressed by the girl’s beautiful voice. (2) Inverted sentences are to change the normal word to produce some emphatic effect. â€Å"No Nightingale did ever chaunt†, â€Å"A voice so thrilling ne’er was heard† here is to emphasize that the solitary reaper’s voice is unique. In addition, this structure can keep the balance of sentence. (3) Rhetorical questions are to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. â€Å"Will no one tell me what she sings† â€Å"Or is it some more humble lay, famillar matter of today?† â€Å"That has been, and may be again?† Since the poet couldn’t understand what the girl was singing, it seems that he asked these questions to himself. However, they are actually asked to the readers. Thus, the poet used the rhetorical question to connect with the readers by attracting their attention making them participate in his thinking. In addition, there are no exact answers to the question, which is thought provoking and emphasize the unique and impressiveness of the voice. 2. Phonology (1) Sound pattering can achieve a sense of rhythm and harmonious and connective effect. Assonance refers to the use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words and consonance refers to the repletion of the last consonants of the stressed words at the end of the lines. For example â€Å"Sorrow, loss or pain†, this usage of the same sound â€Å"/o/†, â€Å"single†, â€Å"reaping†, â€Å"singing†, â€Å"sing†, â€Å"nightingale†, the repetition of /ing/, and â€Å"still†, â€Å"hill† in â€Å"I listened, motionless and still† and â€Å"And, as I mounted up the hill†, all this create a harmonious effect and sounds good. (2) Rhythm refers to a rhyme scheme (pattern) formed by stresses perceived as peaks of prominence. This poem consists of four stanzas, the first and fourth stanzas follow strictly the thyme pattern ABABCCDD, while the second and third stanzas are in the pattern of ABCBDDEE. Every stanza has end rhyme in this poem. For example, the end rhyme in the first stanza is /t/ /s/ /t/ /s/ /d/ /d/ /s/ /s/. (3) Punctuation marks are mainly used for special stylistic effects or rhetorical purposes. This poem adopts exclamation marks, for example â€Å"Yon solitary Highland lass! Stop here, or gently pass!† to expressing special feelings of impressiveness of the girl’s voice dash. Besides, â€Å"Will no one tell me what she sings? —Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow for old, unhappy, far-off things †, the usage of the dash here is to give the various guess on the question. 3. Semantics (1) Reference means that some units of language can be explained by referring to some other elements in the above or in the text below. And the author uses anaphora, one kind of reference, points above in this poem. â€Å"her† and â€Å"she† appearing in first and last stanza refers to the â€Å"reaper† in the title. This kind of reference can avoid repetition or burdensome, and looks simple of a language. (2) Conjunction refers to the elements which connect the clauses and sentences in a text, such words as, â€Å"and†, â€Å"or† etc. â€Å"And battles long ago†, â€Å"Or is it some more humble lay†, â€Å"And, as I mounted up the hill† It is used to show the detailed relations with each parts and this can show the author’ pleasant feeling about the song sang by the highland girl. 4. Lexical (1) Many of the words (images) chosen are poetic or obsolete words which are not frequently used in our daily life. For example, â€Å"Behold†(see), â€Å"yon†(German â€Å"jene†), â€Å"vale† (valley), â€Å"chaunt†(sing), â€Å"numbers†(lines), â€Å"lay†(song). These archaic words show that it is of formal style. (2) The word â€Å"overflow† is quite impressive. Using this word, the sounds of nature sung out by the solitary girl are so vivid that readers seem to visualize the smooth movement of the notes within the valley as well as to hear the song. The poet transferred the sense of hearing into visual and tactile feelings by using this word 5. Language The poet mainly use Simile and comparison in the this poem. â€Å"No Nightingale did ever chaunt more welcome notes to weary bands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A voice so thrilling ne’er was heard in springtime from the Cuckoo bird, breaking the silence of the seas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The poet compared the girl’s singing to a Nightingale and Cuckoo bird. The metaphor and the comparison between the voice of the girl and that of the Nightingale and Cukoo at once points to her commonness and exclusiveness. It also underlines the power and purity of the voice of the solitary girl. 6. Passage At the beginning, the poet encountered a solitary Scottish rustic girl who was reaping and singing a melancholy song which had a charm for him. And then the poet made two comparisons of the melody to the sweet voice of a nightingale and cuckoo-bird. He stated that the girl’s song was far more beautiful than them. At the same time, the poet began speculating the content of the song which was sung in Scot—whether it was about some old, sad matters or some sufferings of present time. In the end the poet made a conclusion in which he emphasized the lingering effect of the music on him. In conclusion, this poem, â€Å"The Solitary Reaper†, reflects many sides of stylistics, including syntax (parallelisms, inverted sentences and rhetorical questions), phonology (sound pattering, rhythm, and punctuation mark), semantics (reference, conjunction), lexical (images), and language. It fully helps express the author’s feeling and create an unexpected effect. In a word, stylistics can be almost found and used in every kinds of writing.

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay Example for Free

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay In this investigation I will focus mostly on the regulation of both convents and brothels in the time period of Shakespeare and the early Renaissance. Ruth Mazo Karras’ â€Å"The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,† focuses exactly on this topic throughout England and other European countries during the Renaissance. In regards to the convents I will be looking closely at an article entitled â€Å"Subjects on the World’s Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,† written by David G. The regulations of brothels in the Renaissance were regarded heavily. Karras says that women within these brothels were basically regarded as evil and as sinners yet they remained occupying the position of prostitution solely because of the sexual appetite of men; these brothels were considered â€Å"†¦a necessary evil† (Karras). The first parallel between women of convents and stews I came to find was that of the aspect of being forbidden from society in a sense. Women of convents were completely shut off from the public, no insiders could leave and no outsiders could come in (Allen). The only difference in the secrecy of these two places was the fact that the brothels were attended by men. Karras also states that the women of brothels were not given any rights that regular women had, â€Å"In some places, she was not allowed to reject any customer, indeed could not be raped because she was considered to belong to all men and thus had no right to withhold consent† (Karras). These two aspects of women’s lives in this time period play a major part in the drama Measure for Measure, and especially set up the scene in the opening act of the play. When Claudio sends for his sister, Isabel, to help him get out of jail, in which he was sentenced to death for having premarital (by the eyes of the church) sex with Juliet, Isabel leaves the convent in which she was about to take her vows in order to save her brother. Thus, we have an almost-nun and sinful intercourse immediately in Act 1, both directly related to the idea of convents and brothels and the women within these places. In this case, however, Juliet is not a prostitute but in the eyes of Angelo and the law is regarded as one because of her and Claudio’s unofficial and insufficient marriage. Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure. (2016, Oct 13). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decision Making - Assignment Example 5’S model emphasizes on providing the workers with resources. Role clarification helps improve productivity. Reinforcement inculcates motivation in the workers to achieve the assigned tasks. Regulation promotes clarity of vision and clarity with respect to what behaviors are allowed. Workers need this clarity in order to behave as required of them. Reward reaffirms the workers that they are on the right track and that they are being noticed. Being assigned resources, it becomes easier for the workers to achieve their goals. Role clarification helps eradicate interpersonal conflicts. Reinforcement reassures the workers that the work they are doing is of importance to the management and the organization as a whole, so that the workers feel owned, important, and appreciated. Regulation promotes clarity with respect to what behaviors are forbidden so that workers refrain from displaying them in the workplace. Rewards keeps the workers from feeling neglected. Without resources, workers might take too long or never be able to accomplish the assigned

Superstition & Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Superstition & Science - Essay Example Neville discovered that the infected beings possessed both the human and vampire-like characteristics and only came out after dawn (Matheson 17). The other characteristic trait was that they could be repelled using garlic. It became a constant battle of survival for this resourceful man who had to go against extreme odds to get what he aspired. At one point Neville captured Ruth, a creature possessing both human and vampire characteristics and one that could go out during the day. Neville’s reaction was that there was nothing eye-catching about them during the day (Matheson 30). Neville was suspicious as to whether Ruth was truly human as she portrayed herself adding to the fact that she was opposed to killing of vampires. Ruth and Neville soon became companion to a point where it developed into a relationship. On his quest to identify the cure for the disease, Neville and the readers discovered that Ruth’s blood samples were indeed infected. Ruth left Neville and revea led that she lived in colony of people who were infected and planned to rebuild their lives. Given that Neville had formed a habit of killing many of Ruth’s kind, he only seems to be in their way and had to be converted before he destroyed her people. The novel concludes by depicting the final thoughts of Neville before he was executed. Part 2: Argument Using the evidence put into play by Richard Matheson, in connection with the 1940s and 1950s timelines, it is clear that there were universal human fears among the American public in 1954. The fear could also be directly linked to the existing, cultural conditions and existing custom of individual identity. From the timelines given, year 1940 to year 1954, it is clear that the American public was fearful of the Cold War and the effects it had on individuals, their health and social aspects. Vampires represented American’s xenophobic fear which manifested with time and was made worse with the onset of a few films made in New York for entertaining the Elite. Hence, most Americans were not fully reassured that the vampire syndrome would come to an end. The sale of surplus war material in 1940s posed a serious risk to the lives of Americans who were at war with other nations. Vampire-like symptoms can be indirectly compared to American public’s fear of the devastating physical changes, illness and decreasing faculties when exposed to biological war materials that were used by their enemies. The public was fearful of loss of individuality as a nation. The manifestation of decaying being that still lingered in the world can be compared to the individual fear of being incapable of recognizing and preventing oneself from encountering pain and suffering that was inflicted once a loved one was lost in the war. The drinking of blood as depicted in Matheson’s book, page 10, of Vampires’ craving to drink Neville’s blood represented the public’s fear of re-occurring problems w hich surfaced during the Second World War. It reprieved the public off its financial and emotional aspects of life. The compelling universal fears manifested in an average American’s mind in 1942 and 1943 where there were atomic bombs being developed as a form of weapon. This may be compared to the views of Americans in regard to Vampires in the society. When the world war two occurred, most countries were affected on a global scope and so was Neville’

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hamlet - Essay Example So Hamlet had to study well into the matter and handle the murder plan successfully. To understand the fact that his uncle killed is the Father is not an easy task for him. For this, he had to do something very calculative and for this he decided to act insane in front of people. Hamlet did not want to kill a person who is of a clean heart. What if he killed Claudius and he turn out to be innocent? In that case, Hamlet will turn out to be guilty and he would not be able to live in peace. The reason for Hamlet’s hesitation is that he doesn’t want to kill his uncle who is in a state of clean consciousness. So he acted insane and thought of setting a stage for a play which resembled to the story of his father’s life. The revenge of his Father’s killer was boiling in his body but he took time to take revenge, because he did not want to be wrong in the end. Hamlet, wanted to kill Claudius when he is guilty of his evil deed of killing the hamlet’s father .The reason is valid because then Claudius would himself realize that he deserves death from the hands of Hamlet. In a real sense, Hamlet gets only one chance to kill Claudius, but he staged a drama wherein the story resembled that of his father’s murder . Hamlet has lost his Father and definitely wants to kill his murderer. But now the murderer has become his uncle and step-father, as his mother married his uncle, who is the murderer. Here Hamlet has to confront many problems in order to reach to Claudius, who is his Father’s murderer and the king of Denmark. He had devised a series of attempts to block the reign of Claudius and stop the royalty of the new King. By killing Claudius, Hamlet will give peace to his Father’s soul and convince his mother, that he is the murderer of her ex- husband, who is the real king of Denmark. Even Hamlet would be convinced that he is killing a person who is guilty of his own evil deed. The story ‘Hamlet’ is central ly based on the revenge and how the young prince plans to kill his Father’s murderer. In this story, Hamlet’s mother is maintaining an incestuous relationship as she marries the brother of her ex- husband. Hamlet’s mother the Queen, does not have any involvement in the killing of King Hamlet. The delaying of the killing of King Claudius is the most controversial question in the whole story. People are alarmed to find that knowing the killer of his Father; he is not doing anything to fulfill the revenge. He knows he will kill the murderer of his Father, the then King Hamlet. But the question is who killed the King in real. He wanted to confirm the killer, then take a solid reaction. So here by delaying the death of Claudius, Hamlet has done justice to himself and the Claudius. This story also portrays that Hamlet is insane and this is to show people that he is not sure or unsure about his Father’s killer. This also leaves a doubt in the mind of the reader and the audience. People really feel that he has gone mad until they find the drama arranged by Hamlet really kills the Claudius. The Hamlet could have killed Claudius very earlier, which could have spoiled, the whole thrill of the story. Here just acting insane, Hamlet played a game with Claudius of

Find the reference for the related question and answer Essay

Find the reference for the related question and answer - Essay Example y out very extensive research and programs for development unless such are forestalling some competition or bring hefty profits immediately (United States Federal Trade Commission, 2011). The tax alternative is more considerable to some factors as; internalization of the firm, thus eventual price adjustment, output, and profit maximization through production technology, with a consideration of the generated externalities. The hardest aspect in considering this alternative is the specification of the pollution tax rate amount which acts to guide the firm in managing its pollution rates satisfactorily. Like the Coase Theorem, if Branding Iron has a property right to pollute, it could be paid to reduce that pollution. Indeed, there is a presumption that Branding Iron was operating for some time before the â€Å"new residents† start to complain (McGuigan, Moyer and Harris, 2010). Donfeld, D. and Aurich, J. (2010). Burrs - Analysis, Control and Removal: Proceedings of the Cirp International Conference on Burrs, 2nd-3rd April, 2009, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. London:

Pre-1500 And Post 1500 History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pre-1500 And Post 1500 History - Essay Example History is paramount in learning about our obligation and responsibilities as global citizens. The people who lived in the pre-1500 possess the same humanness we have today and thus their hopes, egos, as well as dreams we still have them today. Therefore, through the study of those who lived before us enable us gain understanding and know their mistakes and how to rectify them for our own good? It is because people remain the same, although technology may change. The memory of the past is the key to our identity. For example, in 1492, Columbus led the invasion of America where he found a new land (Tignor, 2011). This history gives us an account of how America was founded and makes the citizens develop a sense of identity. This is a historical event that has significance in our today global citizenship. The knowledge acquired helps us establish a clear understanding of the American history and the changes that has been realized in today’s America. Moreover, the global history h as enabled us gain knowledge that help in shaping the present. Migration Migration is another aspect of understanding global citizenship reflecting on migration that took place before 1500 especially in Europe. For example, the knowledge of the Europe invasion starting 800 BC to 400 BC is useful in our modern world as global citizens.

Ben and jerry study case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ben and jerry - Case Study Example Also, it failed in increasing average return on shareholders’ equity. From 5% in 1997, it had reached till the case writing to 9%, which was not a big leap forward on the shareholders’ money. 2. Do you think that, in general, it is possible for a for-profit company to be committed to â€Å"improve the quality of life of a broad community† and still maximize shareholder value? Why or why not? It is possible for a for-profit company to remain dedicated to the community cause and at the same time record high earnings for the shareholders. Off late social issues of the communities where corporations have their offices have become relevant enough to provide a brand name and image to a company that promises to offer intangible value to the surrounding communities. This intangible value appreciates in time and changes into tangible results later when public at large prefers investing in its shares because of the earned reputation from the social work done to improve the standard of life of the surrounding communities. If I were Henry Morgan, I would recommend the Board to accept the offer made by Unilever. Unilever is the only company that is offering shareholders’ $36 in cash for each share. Offering shareholders the cash return for their investments in Ben $ Jerry’s provides them freedom of investing in any other company. Another company, Meadowbrook Lane is offering $32, which is less in value to the offer made by Unilever. Other than that the proposal made by Unilever offers to include some select members of B&J management in the integrated division of Unilever’s frozen desserts. A conflict of interests arises over Unilever’s proposal to limit social commitments and interests, but this is the same in the proposals of Meadowbrook Lane and Dreyer’s Grand. 4. If you are thinking about starting a new business, would social consciousness be a consideration for you? Was there anything you learned in

Gender-role socilization Essay Example for Free

Gender-role socilization Essay Gender socialization is the way society shapes our sexual attitudes and behavior through various mechanisms, it defines the roles that we as males or females in society are expected to play. According to Ann Oakley, who first introduced the terms, sex refers to the biological divisions into being male or female while gender reflects the parallel and socially unequal division into being feminine or masculine (Sex, Gender and Society 1972). Sex is therefore can be seen as the biological constructed aspect of differences between men and women. As oppose to sex, gender can be seen as the socially constructed knowledge, values and practices linked to sex based differences mostly by the process of socialization. The term gender has been extended since than and not only reflects the individual identity and personality but also, at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. Gender roles are the societal expectations attached to being male and female. Through gender role socialization, a person is introduced and taught the behaviors expected to be played by them. The home often called gender factory by some sociologists, reproduces societys traditional gender roles through parental reinforcement (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 223). From birth to death, males and females are constructed to act according to societys mold of gender identity. Parents describe their newborns with adjectives pertaining to traditional gender roles. Newborn girls are described as tiny, soft, delicate, and fine-featured, while newborn boys are described as strong, alert, and well coordinate (223). Even during breast-feeding gender divides, males are treated rougher and given more milk while females are treated delicately and given less. This can best be illustrated by an experiment to show how gender stereotyping enters almost every part of an infant since the day he or she was born. The experiment better known as the Sussex experiment tried to unveil how people perceive the way an infant either a male a female should act. Infants dressed in blue were quickly thought to be male while infants dressed in pink were treated as female. Therefore gender stereotypes can be defined as one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed in  every day life. Similarly, in the old days and even in some societies today, womens place was regarded to be in the home while men are expected to be the bread winner for the family. But there is no permanent and definite framework on how men and women should behave. Such definitions vary from one society to another. For example the study conducted by Margaret Mead in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In some of the tribes in which she had visited women were place in a higher status than men. They were regarded as the bread winner, hold important positions in the tribe and even made important decisions. Contradict to this, men were placed in lower positions and even played the role as housewives. The roles and behaviors expected to be played by both sexes also change over-time. For example, the roles played by women in ancient Greek and Roman were limited. Women were portrayed as submissive and inferior. They did not hold any important positions in society. Most of them only played the roles of mother and housewife. Women nowadays are more aggressive and in some areas are more dominant than men. Women during the Victorian era, were expected to be grace and beauty was signified by having small waist. They were forced to wear corset to get the shape considered to be beautiful. Sexuality is defined as the sexual feelings and drives as well as the sexual practices common to a society. There is some debate on whether sexuality is innate or learned. To answer this question sociologists have come out with four main approaches: psychobiological, psychoanalytic, learning and sociological. Sociobiology is the study of human behaviors on the basis that they are not learned instead determined by the biological aspects. In other words, human behaviors are innate. They believed that certain sexual behavior emerge through the process of evolution. These behaviors emerged and are maintained simply because they have been chosen through evolutionary means as the most  advantageous features to maintain the survival of human being. Therefore sexual behaviors, whether they show feminity or masculinity are genetically programmed. Sociobiologys version of sexuality has been criticized for ignoring other factors that may contribute to the development sexual behavior such as surroundings, societys expectation, norms and culture. In psychoanalytic approach, human sexual behaviors are both determined biologically and culturally. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalytic approach asserted that human sexual behavior is determined by three factors, the id, the ego and the superego. The id exist after an infant is born shapes the characteristic of the baby before he or she came into interaction with the outside world. The ego is the next stage of human development. In this stage a person will come into contact with external forces and this will influence the direction, whether he or she will adopt a feminine or masculine behavior. As the superego develops, the person will learn the norm and values of society. He/she will discover what the society expected from him/her. By learning the expected ways of society, the moral conscience of the person will develop. He/she will be able to distinguish what the society perceived as right and wrong. Freud held that sexual experiences will influence adult sexual behavior and personality. A girl, raised among boys will develop a masculine-like behavior. Though it may change overtime, the sexual experiences faced by the girl will have a deep impact on his adult behavior and personality. Freud has been criticized for his over-emphasis view on biological factor as the determinant of ones sexual behavior. Though he did say that sexual behavior may be cause by the process of socialization, Freud personally agreed that the biological factors play a greater role in determining ones behavior than culture. He has also been criticized for only conducting most part of his experiment  using mentally disturbed patients. His views stem from therapies with these patients. He has also being criticized for being bias in his work. He made an implicit assumption that women are biologically inferior. The learning approaches have a different view on how sexuality is developed. According to the advocates of these approaches much of sexuality is innate that is based on the cultural aspects rather than biologically. These approaches went further by identifying the process of self-identification and imitation. These approaches portrayed individuals as a reactor to society, neglecting the fact that he or she may also be an actor who constantly makes decisions to change society. These approaches have been criticized for treating individuals like puppet on the string. Individuals have no choice to make decisions, everything has been set up for them by the society. Their actions must be in line with the social expectation or they will be punished. In contrast with the earlier approaches, the Symbolic Interactionism based their theory on the assumption that individuals as social actors make have their own opportunity to make decision. They have the choice on which path they want to take. According to symbolic interactionism, sexual behavior is the result of individuals constantly engaging in interaction and communication with others. We attach sexual meaning to behavior and ourselves by observing others and their reactions on certain stimuli and labels to our behavior. By interacting with each other, we learn to play specific roles and as the result of constantly involving in these roles we learn a series of scripts. These scripts help us to define sexual behavior. For example, the specific script for a woman and a doctor at a gynecological exam. The script or the roles played by the two social actors do not give any sexual meaning or sexual assault in situation in which the doctor has to check the woman breast and genitalia. Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for not being able to explain adequately spontaneous sexual behavior and sexual behavior that occurs in ambiguous situations. It has also failed to explain the situation in which two or more individuals with different sets of scripts engage and interact with each other. Differences in sexual scripts is often given as the reason for date rape where on person defines it as sexual and the other does not. Functionalism believed that the disruption is sexuality, on how male and female should behave will lead to society to fall apart and social stability unachieved. Therefore, through the norms, values, laws and beliefs sexual behavior is regulated. Functionalists study the effect of regulations on sexuality and its contribution in the maintenance of society. Functionalism has also been criticized for putting to much emphasis on the culturally aspects that determine social behavior and ignoring the fact that some sexual drives may be innate. Ann Oakley outlines how socialization in modern societies shapes the behavior of boys and girls from an early age. Basing her work on the findings of Ruth Hartley, Oakley discusses four main ways in which socialization influences gender roles. The first way is by the process of manipulation in which parents play a huge role. For example, boys are dressed in masculine clothes. The next stage is the canalization where children are given toys to build up their gender identity. Boys are given pistol and toy trucks while girls are given teddy bears, dolls and soft toys. The third is the use of verbal appellation where such sentences like you are a naughty boy will build up boys sexual identity. The fourth stage is where boys and girls are given a set of different activities. This will encourage children to perform the sexual expectation of society and enable them to identify in which gender they belong. Ann Oakley has been criticized for her emphasis on socialization in shaping  gender roles. What about boys who have a high level of estrogen. Are they likely to behave like girls or will they due to the effect of early socialization behave like normal boys? Similarly, girls who have a high level of androgen, will they behave like boys? Or can the early process of socialization shape them to become like any other ordinary females? Ethnomethodology regard the process of developing gender roles as socially constructed. Suzanne J. Kessler and Wendy Mckenna stated that individuals categorized the world around them according to their own perspective. Therefore the decision whether to regard a person as male or female is socially produced. The process of gender- role socialization begins at the early age of childhood and continues throughout life. Society still typifies males and females according to gender-role trait expectations. There are however evidences that gender attitudes are changing beginning in the 1970s towards a more egalitarian, liberal attitudes. No matter what theories have been introduced in explaining sexual behavior whether it is innate or learned, I believed that both factors contribute in the development of gender-role identity. I based this statement on the fact that biological aspects play an important role in shaping an infant in his/her early age at least until he/she reaches the age of three. After that it is up to the family and society to shape his/her sexual behavior and define appropriate gender-roles for him/her. Gender role socialization is a life-long process. Therefore, I believe that cultural aspects play a greater role in shaping one sexual behavior than the biological aspects because they influence individuals from young until old.

Synthesis of IBT Scaffolds Experiment

Synthesis of IBT Scaffolds Experiment Chapter III: Section A Present work PRESENT WORK Over the years, multi component reactions (MCRs) or three component coupling reactions have gained much attention in synthetic as well as medicinal chemistry to generate structural diversity for drug discovery programs.31 MCR is a process in which at least three simple building blocks are combined together in one pot to provide diversity oriented product with minimum of synthetic time and effort. The imidazo [2,1-b] benzothiazole (IBT) motif is an important pharmacophore and is known to exhibit significant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antituberculosis, and anti-inflammatory etc.,13-30 Consequently, different methods23-26 have been developed for the synthesis of IBT scaffolds. Of these, the MCR of 2-aminobenzothiazole, aldehyde, and alkyne is one of the most attractive methods for the synthesis of 2-aryl imidazo[1,2-a]benzothiazoles. To the best of our cognition, there is only one report14c for synthesis of the title compounds till date which is a multi step procedure. In prolongation of our involvement in exploring the synthesis32 of biologically active scaffolds, we herein describe a three-component, one-pot synthesis of IBTs using a catalytic amount of La(OTf)3 and CuI in acetonitrile. Accordingly, we first treated 2-aminobenzothiazole (1a) and benzaldehyde (31a) with ethylpropiolate (32) in acetonitrile in the presence of 10 mol % La(OTf)3 and CuI. The reaction proceeded well at r. t. and made the desired IBT 33a in 86% yield (Scheme 10). Scheme 10 Formation of 33a confirmed by its spectral analysis, 1H NMR of IBT 33a shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.16 (s, 2H) as a singlet, doublets at ÃŽ ´ 7.78 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) and 7.70 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) belongs to benzothiazole ring (ortho-hydrogens w.r.t sulphur and nitrogen) in the fused system. Another doublet at ÃŽ ´ 7.68 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H) belongs to ortho-hydrogens of phenyl ring at C-2 position and peaks for remaining aromatic protons observed at ÃŽ ´ 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) and 7.01 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H). Ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.26 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) and 1.27 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 171.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.1 belongs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum at 1735 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O). Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33a showing a peak with m/z 337 for its molecular ion. Plausible mechanism Scheme 11 Plausible mechanism for CuI-La(OTf)3 catalyzed multi-component reaction In accordance with the mechanism described by Mishra et al.33 The reaction may proceed in one of the two paths mentioned above. In path-I, benzaldehyde was first reacted with 2-aminobenzothiazole in the presence of La(OTf)3, and the resulting imine further reacted with ethyl propiolate to form desired imidzobenzothiazole 33a via initial formation of propargylamine I. Tautomerization of propargylamine I followed by 5-exo-dig cyclization formed intermediate III, which finally isomerized to product 33a. Optimization study Table 1 Screening of the catalyst for three component reaction Entry Catalyst Additive Solvent Yield [%] 1 CuCl CH3CN 39 2 CuBr CH3CN 42 3 CuI CH3CN 65 4 FeCl3 CH3CN 5 InCl3 CH3CN 48 6 InBr3 CH3CN 51 7 CuI Cu(OAc)2 CH3CN 66 8 CuI Cu(OTf)2 CH3CN 69 9 CuI Sc(OTf)3 CH3CN 59 10 CuI La(OTf)3 CH3CN 86 11 CuI Yb(OTf)3 CH3CN 63 12 CuI TMEDA CH3CN 54 13 La(OTf)3 CH3CN 55 14 CH3CN Initially, we screened the reaction between 2-aminobenzothiazole 1a benzaldehyde 31a and ethylpropiolate 32 as starting materials using different catalysts to optimize the reaction conditions (Table 1). The desired product yielded in 65% when 10 mol % of CuI used in CH3CN. Further optimization was performed to improve the yield of the product. The best result was obtained when La(OTf)3 was used with high yield, low reaction time and optimal temperature. However, in the absence of the catalyst the reaction proceeds with low yield even after longer reaction time (24 h). Our attempts to optimize the conditions for the synthesis of the 2-aryl imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles 33a-o are summarized in Table 1. To check the generality and scope of the present protocol (Table 1), variety of benzaldehydes containing electron withdrawing or electron donating substituents were reacted under these conditions with 2-aminobenzothiazole, which affords corresponding IBT (Scheme 12). Scheme 12 To explore the limitations of this reaction, we extended it to various para-substituted benzaldehydes with 6-methyl-2-aminobenzothiazole. As can be seen in Table 2, the yield of products seems to be affected by the nature of substituents and their positions on the benzothiazole as well as benzaldehydes. The yields decreased when electron-withdrawing substituents were present on reactants (scheme 13). Scheme 13 The compounds 33f-j were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS, the results are shown in the experimental section. For an instance, spectral analysis of 33h explained here. 1H NMR of IBT 33h shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.27 (s, 2H), and methyl protons at 2.35 (s, 3H), methoxy protons at 3.86 (s, 3H), and hydrogen adjacent to sulphur attached carbon resonated at 7.71 (s, 1H) as a singlets, doublets at ÃŽ ´ 7.64 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), and 7.35 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H) belongs to benzothiazole ring (ortho- and meta- hydrogens w.r.t nitrogen) in the fused system. Another two doublets appeared at ÃŽ ´ 7.55 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), and 7.01 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) belongs to methoxy substituted phenyl ring, whereas ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.15 (q, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), and 1.27 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, the presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 169.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, a peak resonated at 160.8ppm belongs to –Ome attached carbon on phenyl ring, where as a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.2 belongs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum of 1738 and 1210 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O). Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33h showing a peak with m/z 381 for its molecular ion. Furthermore, a variety of aromatic aldehydes such as p-methyl-, p-methoxy-, p-nitro and p-cyano benzaldehyde participated well in this MCR with 6-nitro-2-aminobenzothiazole and gave excellent yields. The synthesized compounds 33k-o were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS, the results are shown in the experimental section. For example, the spectral analysis of IBT 33n was explained here. 1H NMR of IBT 33n shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.19 (s, 2H), and hydrogen adjacent to sulphur attached carbon and –NO2 group resonated at 8.55 (s, 1H) as a singlets, doublet at ÃŽ ´ 8.01 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) belongs to meta-hydrogens of nitro-substituted phenyl ring and a multiplet appeared between 8.40-8.50 (m, 3H) belongs to a hydrogen of benzothiazole ring merged with ortho-hydrogens of nitro-substituted phenyl ring, whereas ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.11 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), and 1.21 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, the presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 169.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, peaks resonated at 147.8, 144.7 ppm belongs to –NO2 attached carbons, where as a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.5 belon gs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum of 1735 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O), bands at 1536 and 1365 cm-1 resemble the –NO2 group. Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33a showing a peak with m/z 427 for its molecular ion. The imidazobenzothiazole derivatives was synthesized by La(OTf)3-CuI catalytic combination in good to excellent yields as shown in Table 2. Table 2 The new ethyl 2-(2-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]-benzothiazol-1-yl)acetates 33a-o Entry Benzothiazole Aldehyde Product Yield (%) a 86 b 89 c 91 d 81 e 79 f 92 g 91 h 95 i 85 j 88 k 82 l 84 m 85 n 78 o 79 Conclusion In summary, a novel method for the synthesis of ethyl 2-(2-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]-benzothiazol-1-yl) acetates was demonstrated from bezaldehyde, ethylpropiolate, and 2-aminobenzothiazole in the presence of La(OTf)3-CuI catalyst in good to excellent yields. This reaction took place under mild conditions and it tolerates a wider range of functionalities. Therefore this methodology offers an alternative to multi step reactions.

Essay --

Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges, which are the thin membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord. There are different variations of the disease which include bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious. Bacterial meningitis is severe in most cases. Many people fully recover but for those who are less fortunate it may cause brain damage leading to learning disabilities and hearing loss. There are many different pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis. The most common here in the United States are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with the nose and throat secretions of an infected person. The main reservoirs for these bacteria are humans but can also be the environment, mainly from the soil. In order to determine if a person has bacterial meningitis blood and cerebrospinal fluid are collected and analyzed by a laboratory. Once it is confirmed that bacteria are present they are then cultured to determine what type of bacteria are present. This lets doctors know how to treat the disease. The discovery of meningitis dates back to the 1800’s. The first evidence that linked bacterial infection as a cause of meningitis was written by Austrian pathologist Anton Weichselbaum. He was the one to isolate the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis. He named this bacterium Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis. The symptoms of bacterial meningitis can appear rapidly over several days. Normally they develop within 3-7 days after exposure to the bacteria. Signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis can occur suddenly and they include: headac... ...ents. This puts you more at risk for expose to bacteria to the filth of others around you. Pregnancy can also be titled as a risk factor. You're at increased risk of contracting listeriosis which is an infection caused by listeria bacteria. This bacterium may also cause meningitis. If you have listeriosis, your unborn baby is also at high risk of catching meningitis. The last risk factor that I’m going to discuss is weakened immune systems. Some factors that may cause a weakened immune system are: AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, and certain drugs. When these factors weaken the immune system your body cannot prevent infection. In fact it is very easy to contract meningitis with the above health issues. In conclusion meningitis is not something to take lightly. Stay vaccinated and take preventative actions because this disease is wide spread and can be fatal.

Use Irony and Magic Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay

Use Irony and Magic Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude  Ã‚         In Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude, the realistic description of impossible events is an example of both irony and magic realism. Irony is the use of words, images, and so on, to convey the opposite of their intended meaning. Garcia Marquez employs irony on several levels. Sometimes a single word, such as a character's name, suggests something opposite to the character's personality: for example, Prudencio Aguilar, who is not the least bit "prudent".    Sometimes a character's style of speech is ironic. For example, in the chapter on the banana workers' strike, the court uses very stiff, pompous language to state something that is ridiculous: that the banana workers do not exist, because they are technically not "employees" of the firm - an evasion of the government's responsibility that has tragic consequences. Another example is Fernanda's long-winded proclamations of her religious devotion. These are obviously expressions, not of Christian love, but of extreme self-centeredness and rigidity. The apparently patriotic declarations of Liberals and Conservatives alike also have nothing to do with loyalty to the country, but are really about the narrow ambitions of the politicians.    More subtly, what the narrator or the characters say may sometimes contradict what the reader knows to be true. There are many examples in the solemn announcements of Jose Arcadio Buendia, including his finding that ice "is the great invention of our time." Much later, the apparent progress brought by the banana company to Macondo turns out not to be progress at all, but a prelude to devastation.    Still more subtly, Garcia Marquez has reserved a... ...ecise figures for things. Thus, the heavy rains that fall on Macondo-a perfectly normal, but impressive, event in northeastern Colombia-are said to last precisely four years, eleven months, and two days. To a child watching it rain, it might seem to last that long. Three thousand workers are massacred by troops during the banana strike. Colonel Aureliano Buendia fights, and loses, precisely thirty-two wars, and so on.    When we read of such amazing events told in such an objective and naà ¯ve voice, we realize it is up to us, the readers, to interpret their meaning. Whoever is narrating is simply too literal-minded and simple to have trustworthy opinions.    Works Cited    Drabble,   Margaret   The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford University Press 1995 Marquez, Gabriel Garcia One Hundred Years of Solitude, HarperCollins      

An investigation into the heat of combustion of five alcohols :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Alcohols : An investigation into the heat of combustion of five alcohols Planning ======== Introduction ------------ I am trying to determine the heat of combustion for the first five alcohols, which are; ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol. I am trying to determine whether the amount of Carbon atoms on the molecule affects the heat energy given out by the molecule when burned. I believe that as the size of the molecule increases and the chain of carbons grows longer, then the heat energy given out will increase. I think that this is because when the molecule bonds are broken then they take in energy and then when the bonds are being made they give out energy. In a large molecule, more bonds are made so more energy is given out. Apparatus ---------  · Clamp stand  · Clamp  · Copper calorimeter  · Spirit burner  · Matches  · Thermometer  · Ruler  · Metal safety tray  · Top pan balance (digital scales)  · Measuring cylinder Method ------ I will need to collect all of the above apparatus and then put it together like in the diagram below. I will weigh the alcohol I will be burning and then put it under the copper calorimeter. I will use a measuring cylinder to measure out 100cm3 into the copper calorimeter. I will light my Flame, which will be 5cm under the calorimeter. I will use my thermometer to determine the temperature and then go up to 60 °c because that is how much I will change the temperature by. When the water has risen to 60 °c I will then put the lid on the spirit burner to extinguish the flame and then I will weigh the spirit burner again. By taking the new weight from the original weight I can then work out how much of the alcohol has been used. I will then repeat this experiment another four times with the other alcohols until I have done all five. I will repeat this twice to gain another set of results so I can compare them and identify trends and patterns consistent in both sets of results. How I will make my experiment a fair test ----------------------------------------- There is not really that much I can do to help make this experiment a fair test but I will; cool the copper calorimeter completely down by running it under cold water for a few minutes so that the water doesn't get warmed up by being in contact with it. I will also make sure that I have 100cm3 of water each time in the calorimeter. The temperature will always go up to 60 ° each time as well. I will also keep the height of the calorimeter at 5cm each time.

Business Vocabulary Mix Essay

1. Instant messaging- a form of communication in which typed text is sent from one person to another over the internet. 2. Spam- unsolicited electronic junk mail or advertisements, sent as an e-mail 3. Emoticon- an expression composed of ordinary characters on a phone or computer that represent the writer’s mood or facial expressions. 4. Signature- a block of text automatically appended at the bottom of e-mails. The text may include the sender’s name, title, etc. 5. Tagline- a slogan or memorable phrase attached to the end of an email that conveys a message from the sender 6. Threads- a series of newsgroup messages dealing with the same subject. 7. Social Networking- the use of a wav space to connect with people who share personal or professional interests 8. E-mail- a message sent electronically from one person to another via links between computers or terminals 9. Blog- a type of web site that displays in chronological order the postings by one or more individuals and usually has links to comments on specific postings 10. Search Engine Optimization- the process of improving the traffic to a web site from search engines 11. Social Norms- the rules that a society uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors 12. Sexting- the act of sending sexually explicit and/or suggestive content via text messaging. 13. Inflection- Modulation of the voice; change in pitch or tone of voice to help convey meaning. 14. Cyber Bullying- when a child or teen is threatened, harassed or otherwise targeted by another child or teen using a form of technology 15. Flaming- a virtual term for venting emotion or sending inflammatory e-mails. 16. Attachments- Computer files sent along with an e-mail message which can be accessed by the recipient of the e-mail. 17. Snail mail- a term used to refer to letters carried by traditional postal delivery services. 18. Texting- sending brief written messages from one person to another via cellular phones.

Recycling Sustainability Essay

Recycling is a major part of our society. It is something that we as American citizens do daily without thinking twice about it. That is one of the main reasons I chose to write this paper on Recycling sustainability. The role of recycling to preserving our environment and to live in a sustainable way is a lot more important than many people think it is. One of the main reasons I chose to write this paper on recycling is because it is a major part of our everyday lives and it is something that most people and businesses do. As many people think they are helping by recycling, (do not get me wrong, it is a major help to our environment) they do not understand that it has major negative effects on the environment. Recycling is said to be the basis for sustainability. At the rate that we are consuming natural resources, and releasing harmful toxins into our air, we will eventually run out and wipe out all living beings off the face of the earth. In researching this topic, I hope to find out more on all possible ways we as a community can come together and do as much as we can to limit the amount of resources we use and toxins. I hope to come up with a plan that will actually make a difference. Yes, one person recycling can help, but it is truly not enough to turn this planet around. I will also be looking into what companies like Petsmart and Disney are doing to operate their businesses in a sustainable way. The â€Å"Going Green† program is another way we can all contribute to making our environment safer and more sustainable. Although I can think of many solutions to this problem, while doing my research, I will find many cons to these solutions. I intend to find the best possible solution and explain in great detail how we can save our planet from becoming extinct, even if the best possible solution has a few negative effects, doing something to prevent our environment from a national disaster is better than doing nothing at all. Americans Cultural Practices and Social Policies (Micro- Level) Most Americans recycle every day and talk about ways to improve the environment. Most Americans are all about doing what is best for our environment and our health. I believe that it is in America’s best interest to save our planet and protect our air, which in return protects our health.

Buying Behavior

There are many aspects of life that effect a person’s buying behavior. Buying behavior is the decision process and actions of people involved in buying and using products and services. Influences on buying behavior can be classified into three major categories: situational influences, psychological influences, and social influences. Situational influences include physical surroundings and social surroundings. Depending on who is around at a certain time may sway a person’s decision to buy something. Psychological influences include perception, motives, attitudes, personality, and lifestyles.Although these psychological influences are very much internal they still effect people’s actions on the outside. Social influences include roles, family influences, reference groups, social classes, and subcultures. Social influences are perhaps the most distinguishable influences and contribute to buying behavior in many ways. Influences on consumer buying behavior come from all aspects of life and have major impacts on the type, brands, and kinds of products people buy everyday. One of the major psychological influences on buying behavior is lifestyle.A lifestyle is an individual’s pattern of living based on his or her interests, activities, and opinions. A person’s lifestyle is based off what they need, want and do, this in turn effects their buying behavior. It influences what products people need, which brands they prefer, and how and when they shop. A lifestyle develops into a consistent pattern people follow in their lives. An example of how a certain lifestyle affects a persons buying behavior is the new shift in the United States towards a healthy and natural lifestyle.People who want to become healthier will buy healthy foods and maybe even purchase things such as new running shoes or a gym membership. A person who is not concern with following a healthy lifestyle would not have any motives to buy these things. My lifestyle defin es what I spend my money based on my hobbies, opinions, and interests. Every month I pay twenty dollars a month for a gym membership because staying in shape is something that I value. I also shop as stores such as Forever 21 and H&M because they sell trendy clothes for an affordable price.This suits my lifestyle because I like to keep up with the latest fashion without spending all of my income on clothing. I also spend a lot of money on gas for my car because I commute back and fourth to school. I decide to use my money on gas because getting an education is important to me. A major part of my lifestyle is love for animals. I have recently bought a puppy and now must buy things for him such as food, toys, and medicine. The type of lifestyle a person has, has a major impact on what types and brands of products they buy. One of the major social influences on the buying decision process are the roles a person assumes.A role is the actions and activities that a person in a particular position is thought to complete based on expectations of the individual and surrounding persons. People can assume many roles in life and must buy different kinds of product for each role. The most common example of how a persons different roles effect their buying decisions is the clothes that they wear. A person has different clothes that they wear at home, at the club, at the gym, and at work. They must adapt to the role they are assuming at a certain time and their clothing must suit each of these roles.I assume many roles in my life including daughter, student, girlfriend, friend, and worker. As a girlfriend I decide where what do on the weekends and often spend money on going out. As a daughter I buy food, toilet paper, and essential good for everyone’s use in the house. As a student I buy pens, paper, and supplies that make me successful in doing my school work. Buying behavior is very much based on specific roles in life, and because people’s roles are ever cha nging sequentially so is their buying behavior. One of the major social influences on buying behavior is family influence.Family influence is the different influences each family member assumes in the buying decision process. All family members play a role in the families decision to buy something. There are four major roles that family members can play. The gatekeeper collects and controls information about price, quality, and location. They do the research on the best product, brands, and places to shop. The influencer expresses his or her opinion and tries to influence the family’s ultimate buying decision. The decider makes the actual buying choice.They make the final decision on what product will be purchased. However, they do not necessarily make the purchase that role is assumed by the buyer. These various roles show how different family members contribute to the buying behavior of the family as a whole. In my family my brother is the gatekeeper, my mom is the decider, I am the influencer, and my dad is the buyer most of the time. We all are usually the users, which are the household members who consume or use the product. I always help my mom make the grocery list so I can tell her all of the food I want her to buy.Also I have traveled the most out of anyone in my family and often try to influence where we take our family vacations. My mom does not always take my advice but she always takes it into account when making any decisions. An example of me in the role of the influencer is last year when we were planning our family vacation I kept telling my parents how many things there were to do in Bermuda and how much fun it would be for the whole family. We ended up going to Bermuda much to my persuasion. Family influences can also pass on from generation from generation.For example when I moved into my own apartment I always bought Snuggle fabric softener because that’s what my mom always used and I always loved the way my clothes smelt gro wing up. I am now loyal to the Snuggle brand because my mom was always loyal to the brand. Family members can have many direct or indirect influences on buying behavior. Another social entity that affects buying behavior is reference groups. A reference group is a group that a person identities with so powerfully that he or she embraces the values, attitudes, and behavior of other group members.People often look to others in their reference group for â€Å"conspicuous† purchase, or purchases that will be seen by others. They seek out brand patronage, information on products, and brand comparisons from people in their reference group to help them make buying decisions. Reference groups are usually formed with people that are trusted and thus the information given can affect whether a person does or does not buy a product, buys a specific brand, or buys a certain type of product.Buying behavior can be changed to be more in line with actions of other group members once a member is swayed in a specific direction. A reference group in which I belong to is my three best girlfriends. We are always giving each other advice on the best clothes, nail polish, shampoo, and even hairdressers. We all use the same products and are always sharing positive and negative feed back on brands and services. I think that my reference groups has the most influence on my buying behavior because I have such similar wants, needs, and expectations to the other members.Social class is another social influence on buying behavior. Social class is an open group of individuals with similar social rank. In the United States it is made up of three major social classes Upper American, Middle American, and Lower American. People in similar social classes also develop many similar social patterns. They have similar values, belongings, needs, and wants. The fact that people in the same social classes are so similar, they are influenced by each other’s actions. These influences include which brands people buy, where they shop, and what kinds of products they buy.My family falls into the upper middle class. We are careful with money but still spend it on leisure and entertainment. My parents often ask neighbors for advice when buying things such as a new lawn mower, grill, or car. As a result many of the people in the neighborhood all have John Deer lawn mowers and Toyota cars. Another social influence on buying behavior is subculture. A subculture is a group of individuals whose characteristics, values, and behavioral precedents are comparable within the group and different from those in the nearby culture.Some examples of subcultures are college students, teenagers, Latin Americans, and the West Coast. Subcultures influence attitudes, lifestyles, and beliefs. This affects what people in certain subcultures like and do. For example, people from Japanese culture eat raw fish, and their children learn to like raw fish as well; however, not many children in other pl aces of the world eat sushi. A subculture that I am a part of is college students. College students usually have a small budget so we are looking for quantity over quality.We buy cheap alcohol and fast food because we can get a lot of product for less money. Another subculture that I belong to is commuters. Unlike people who live at school I must spend money on gas and leave extra time to get to class. As commuters we look for the cheapest gas stations and the shortest routes to school. Subcultures influence buying decisions because most of its counter parts have very similar motives. There are many factors that influence the buying decision process. Some of these influences are social, some are psychological, and some are situational.When marketers are trying to market their products they need to keep in mind all of these factors. These categories can help marketers discover whom advertisements should be targeted at in order to be the most successful. They also reveal the reasons p eople buy what they buy which gives marketers key information that they can use to change the marketing mix to suit the buyer’s needs and wants. The decision buying process is a complex process that is affected by many interior and exterior pressures.

Christian Science Monitor Essay

An article in the Christian Science Monitor last January tries to educate consumers about the value of carbon offset programs and whether they have any real effect on global warming. The article, published January 10, 2007, discusses the concept of carbon offsets and the efforts of some companies to become carbon neutral. The ideal are based on the idea that as consumers we emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases or are responsibility for having been emitted. In an effort to reduce that amount, the so-called â€Å"Carbon footprint†, consumers are being offered the chance to buy â€Å"carbon offsets†, a process by which a company takes some action to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted. If enough offsets are purchased, the person or company can become â€Å"carbon neutral† meaning that their actions are not increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the world. This article, â€Å"Do Carbon Offsets Live Up to Their Promise? †, is about the first report by someone trying to evaluate whether this is a good environmental effort or a giant fraud. The report, by the non-profit organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, argues that three-quarters of the 30 companies currently selling carbon offsets are doing a less than mediocre job of it. The companies were ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, 75 percent ranked less than a five. The article also details what criteria were used to evaluate the carbon offset programs. The intended reader of this article is the highly-informed readership of the Christian Science Monitor. The newspaper is one of the most well-respected in the country for journalistic excellence and assumes a certain amount of base knowledge in its readership. As such, the article could have been better at explaining some of the basic terms it used, but appeared to be scientifically accurate. Surprisingly, many of the article’s sources were people active in the environmental community. This would seem like an inherent bias in the article, but many of those people were willing to point out flaws in the carbon offset system. One representative of the Sierra Club told the Monitor that if carbon offsets were viewed like papal indulgences and people used them as an excuse to keep polluting, they could potentially be harmful to the planet. The article was also peppered with scientific facts including the idea that methane is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide without feeling like a science lecture. This article made me angry because it seemed to make it clear that carbon offsets are a sham. The article indicated that one criteria of the evaluation done by Clean Air-Cool Planet was to determine how many of these greenhouse gas reducing activities would have taken place regardless of whether the offsets were purchased. For companies who use producing alternate fuel sources as a carbon offset, it appears that this new trend is simply a way to capitalize their projects and make even more money. Other companies called planting trees their â€Å"carbon offset†. Since trees are a renewable resource, I am skeptical about when and where these trees were being planted. If they were planted to replace a forest that had just been clear cut for the local paper mill, then calling them a â€Å"carbon offset† is fraudulent and ridiculous. This article made me very leery of those who use carbon offsets in general, as it appears that this may indeed be a way for the indulgent to continue their polluting ways, never change their lifestyles to reflect the needs of the planet, and feel better about themselves while nothing is being done to stop global warming. This article left me with the impression that much of the hype about stopping global warming has been just that, hype, and that we will realize in a few years that the problem is getting exponentially worse despite our â€Å"efforts† to fix it.

Health and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Safety Management - Essay Example However, such implementation is a far goal that needs to be built upon by first applying other small quality and safety management techniques and policy to achieve a level where one can say that we can do without accidents. Being the Safety Manager it would be difficult to set an unrealistic goal that requires more time and expertise to achieve. Hence I disagree with such an ostentatious goal for a high hazard chemical firm. However, it is not impossible but it needs to be worked upon slowly at first through various other policies. If a high goal is set it would first affect the workers they would be put under extreme pressure that might hinder their work efficiency as well as effectiveness. They need to be properly trained and equipped with the knowledge of undergoing and implementing Zero Accident policy which cannot be achieved in a year’s time let alone derive the desired result of no accidents in a year. This would also require full collaboration and cooperation of all de partments of the firms and their time to first identify and lay down their activity maps and flows and then identify the hazardous situations then look for alternatives and safe ways in doing them and finally implementing the change. All of this is a tedious task that requires various phases and is not likely to be done in a year’s time.

Salsa as a Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Salsa as a Dance - Essay Example With room for both partners to strut their stuff, this method of dance is becoming increasingly popular throughout dance institutions and afternoon school programs not only across the United States but also the most of the other parts of the globe like India etc. Salsa dancing works with a kind of music which is basically designed with two bars consisting of four steps. Salsa dance is eventually designed for a world where leg and arm work with mesmerizing body movements give rise to passionate emotions and at the same time tend to be equally romantic. Salsa dance is actually a partner dance which is usually danced to salsa music. "The history of the Latin popular music known worldwide as "salsa" began centuries ago in the islands of the Spanish Caribbean, in a context of slavery and colonialism. Yet, it is inextricably tied to twentieth-century New York City and the growth of a thriving Latino community here. Its distinctive polyrhythm and vocal and instrumental call-and-response identify the Afro-Caribbean roots of Latin music -traditional and contemporary, sacred and secular (Salsaweb.com)". "Over the years, the sounds of salsa and the steps of the dance migrated to the U.S. as early as the 40s, where further cultivation took place in the New York City Latin population during the 1960 and 70s. Cuban and Puerto Rican communities throughout Latin America and the United States are responsible for shaping most of the steps we see today. The culture surrounding salsa also takes cues from the styles of mambo and rumba. The typical instruments accompanying salsa dance includes the thumping of congas, blaring trumpets, cowbells, timbales, and claves (Bachata Crazy.com)". Salsa dance is extremely simple and of course it is equally flexible in movements. Salsa dance is just like walking in any chosen direction and dancing on a particular spot both in straight lines or turning paces. "A step is when you put your foot down and moves your weight onto it, to be specific foot placement with weight transfer and a tap is when you put your foot down but don't move your weight onto it i.e. foot placement without weight. In many Latin countries, couples even choose which beat they would like to dance on, and it need not necessarily be the first beat (Yoe)". Both Salsa dance and music are actually believed to be originated for one another. The main purpose of existence of the renowned Salsa music has always been for dancing. "Its cooperative heritage has engendered a belief, in Latin America at least, that everyone else has an equal right to enjoyment on the dance floor (Yoe)". Both the Salsa music and dance have maintained their vitality by absorbing other influence over the decades. The dance of Salsa has got some similarities with actions like lindy - hop, hustle and swing. It has even proved capable of absorbing elements of ballroom Latin dance and Argentine tango. This fact itself sounds quite astounding to many of the lovers of Salsa. There is a lot of variation with the dancing of Salsa depending on the origin of the person dancing it along with the origin of the place from where the dance has been learnt from. At a basic level, salsa dancers from different origin can actually dance together. "British salsa is primarily anchored around the back basic; turns are executed on the second beat

Coaching skill education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Coaching skill education - Essay Example Scientists are of the view that this kind of training is good for the athletic sports as opposed to sports like table tennis, gymnastics, and figure skating which are considered early specialization sports. These early specialization sports take short number of years to fully develop competitor to join the elite competition. They therefore do not require as much number of years to prepare as for the athletic training (Bar-or, 2006). This stage as the name suggests is the fun stage. The athlete, or would be athlete, is meant to have fun as they learn the basic moves required in the sports. This stage is best suited for the ages of 6-9 for males and 6-8 for females. It is important to note the basic skills practiced here are not the sport specific yet but are just general body movement skills. This is to ensure the athlete is all round developed and grows with sporting without difficulty (Bloom, 2004). The emphasis is therefore to build basic motor skills. These will help produce an athlete with skills that are trainable in regards to the specific sport. There are three stages involve in the fundamental stage of skill development. These three stages can be categorized as: initial stage which takes (2-3 years), elementary stage which takes (4–5 years) and mature stage which takes (6–7 years). At the end of the FUNdamental stage, the athlete should have the basic sport skills such as speed, good balance, and agility. Strength training at this stage should include using the child’s weight another important aspect also is the introduction of the child to the ethics of sports. It is important that the child learn sports basics from the tender age (Ericsson & Charnesss, 1994). At this stage, the athlete is to learn all fundamental sports skills. The main objective of this stage is to further the skills learnt at the first stage. The motor skills are advanced and the child

Intercultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intercultural management - Essay Example Then different types of corruption and its effects on the MNCs will be evaluated. Finally, probable solutions or measures will be analyzed which the government, regulatory bodies, or organizations are adopting to curb corruption and deal with such situations (Wei, 2000, p. 5). There are various forms of corruption: bribery, fraud, embezzlement, etc. In this work we will only include the issue of corruption which affects operational investment costs. According to Macrae (1982), corruption is an arrangement involving a private exchange between two or more parties. It also influences the resource allocation and makes people neglect their responsibilities. In case of FDI, the foreign investors have to pay extra cost in form of bribes for getting licenses or the permit from the government. Therefore, corruption in the countries has also raised the cost of investment there. These unnecessary costs have also reduced the margin of profitability of the investment being done. It has also been noticed that corruption adversely affects the economic performance of a country. Since the 1980s, debts have fuelled the consumption of the US and drove the global economy and its growth. However, in 2008 this economic paradigm collapsed and resulted in an economic breakdown. The government shortage expenditure, backed with paper money formation, has been replaced by debt-funded confidential expenditure as a major source of global development. The US came out of depression of $4 trillion because of Federal Reserves’ support of $2 trillion. These issues will be discussed in detail later in this study. Types of Corruption In this section we will discuss various types or forms of corruption that prevail in the global market: a) petty corruption, b) gifts, c) big corruption. It can be said that quantitative distinction can be drawn between big and small corruption and a qualitative distinction can be made between the illicit and legal aspects of these kinds of corruption. Petty c orruption means small corruption such as taking small bribes, etc. In poor countries, petty corruption prevails in every level of society. Gifts given as signs of gratitude for some official favor can be considered as petty corruption. Giving gifts is offering goods or services of some value to a person or organization with a view to some benefit from this person or organization. Various organizations have clearly specified guidelines regarding acceptance of gifts from clients. When those guidelines are overlooked, it is considered a case of corruption. Lastly, money laundering cases can be the examples of big corruption, as well as taking bribes from MNCs who wanted to invest in the country, tax evasion, etc. Corruption was also responsible for the global economic crisis of 2008. Even unnecessarily inflating the prices of products and services for earning supernormal profits is also a form of huge corruption. Effects of Corruption on MNCs The types of corruption have been mentioned in the section above. In this section the effects of such corruption on the MNCs will be discussed. The kinds of corruptions are being explained in the sequence of their entry modes. In case of forming joint ventures vs. wholly owned subsidiaries, most of the firms face the corruption of bribes from the state officials. In cases of franchising or master franchising,

Hilton Hotel Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hilton Hotel Corporation - Case Study Example (Maxwell et al, 2004: p. 168). Hilton International is spread over four global regions including: UK and Ireland; Africa and the Middle East, Europe, Asia Pacific; and the Americas. According to Maxwell and Lyle (2002: p. 251), the strategic objectives central to the business plan include: The above objectives are drilled down to tactical actions on delivery, which in turn demand good people practices in recruitment and assessment, reward and remuneration, career tracking, and discipline and competencies in the Human Resource function. (Maxwell and Lyle, 2002: p. 251). The main objective for the existence of any business like the Hilton Group is to generate superior shareholder value. It was at first believed that the business should do everything possible to satisfy the shareholders and no body else since shareholders are the ones who take maximum business and financial risk by contributing capital to the business. While we agree with this central idea, it must also be noted that the success of every business is dependent on how the business satisfies its customers. The satisfaction of the customer and the shareholder appears to be in conflict but it turns out that shareholder value can only be created if customers are satisfied. Satisfying customers means providing them with the right goods and services at the right prices at the right time and at the right place. Therefore to satisfy the shareholders, the business must begin by satisfying customers. Put in other words, shareholder value can only be created through the creation of customer value . Stemming from a decreasing number of customers, and considering the current competitive marketplace, hotel companies now find it necessary to win the loyalty of the limited number of customers. (Gilbert et al, 1999: p. 25). Following from this we would try to examine how Hilton Hotel International attempts to increase its market share in the existing market given that the customers are limited in number and that their demands are continually changing. The Hilton Hotel has its major focus on the customer. The major assumptions that one can make for the current five years are as follows: that the business wishes to maintain constant growth by 5% annually as measured by Return on equity, Return on Assets, Return on Capital employed, growth in dividends and other important financial ratios. The business also wishes to attract and retain more customers as measured by its market share in the in hotel industry. It also wishes to maintain the most profitable customers providing them with the highest possible value for their money. Another important assumption is that the business wants to maintain a very good relationship with shareholders and other lenders so as to ensure that its cost of borrowing funds (cost of capital) remains at the lowest possible level. This will enable it reduce its business and financial risk as measured by the debt-to-equity ratio, the current ratio and quick ratios as well as the creditor's payment period and retain earnings. Based

Art Exhibition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Exhibition - Essay Example Michael Criton located Johns â€Å"between Duchamp and Pollack, between the found object and the created abstraction† (Lanchner and Johns, 2009, p. 19). The second work of art is a collection of prints by Johns in which the numbers 0-9 have been created through the methodology of lithography. Lithography is a process where a smooth surface is treated in some areas so that it will retain ink, but leaving others so that the ink will not be retained. The surface is then used as a printing object from which to press an image onto another surface, most often a paper. The works were created between 1960 and 1963 and are simply titled â€Å"0-9†. The two pieces can be compared from a number of elemental concepts in order to further explore the nature of Jasper John’s work. The painting â€Å"Map† was created in the earlier part of his career when the exploration of the ideologies of America were being combined with the explorations of their meanings through the use of ‘readymade’ objects. The blurring of borders speaks of unity while the bursts of color are in motion, commenting on the wide diversity of the nation. The lines of the distinct object of the map are muddled by the use of the paint overtop of them. The colors are vibrant and primary, using red, yellow, and blue in bursts across the work, the colors blending at some points, distinctive at others. The oil paints are thick with the texture of the work dense and mountainous on top of the map. There is a repetition that creates balance within the chaos and while there is no use of perspective, there is a sense of density that is felt that about the object of the map as the colors burst forth across the entirety of the work. Although there seems to be no design to the work, there is a definite balance to the way in which the colors are utilized. They erupt across the painting in light and darkness, yellow splicing through the red and darker blue to

Master degree in Immunology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Master degree in Immunology - Personal Statement Example ting my Bachelor studies in Biomedical Science, I would like to take my academic career to the next level by doing Masters in Immunology from the University West of England (UWE). The best field to graduate in is certainly one that coincides with me past professional experience, so I have chosen to do Masters in Immunology. I am positive that getting this degree will lend me a professional recognition as a specialist in immunology, and open doors to new opportunities for me all over the world. I choose to do my graduate studies from UWE because of its high ranking, global recognition, and well-equipped laboratories catering for immunological studies. Among other subjects that form part of this program, I am especially interested in studying Methods in Clinical Analysis, and Applied Immunology. I look forward to using the latest immunological techniques for devising advanced treatment approaches to diseases. I am a suitable candidate for Master’s program in Immunology at UWE be cause I am both hard-working and highly motivated to give my general education a specialized

Compare to the Modern World Essay Example for Free

Compare to the Modern World Essay The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli is a political treatise that gives a vivid account of the means rulers adapt to gain power, or to maintain power. In the context of modern politics, The Prince has often been compared with Arthasastra by Kautilya. The relevance of the treatise goes beyond its time, and acts as a revealing paradigm for political schemes. Many critics find the book an engrossing one especially the way Machiavelli takes a contemptuous stance at established notions of morality. Reading the book often gives a feeling that the author satirizes more than he wants to advocate. The cynical outlook expressed with a secular approach was a refreshing deviation from established norms of political treatises. This article is going to focus on the impact of The Prince on western philosophy and political ideologies. As the book looks into the acquisition, perpetuation and use of political power in the western countries, we would also bring into account Machiavelli’s concept of ‘Mixed Principalities’ with regards to what the modern day governments preferred to follow (Hooker n. d. ). To elucidate furthermore on our proposed area of discussion, we need to closely examine chapter 3 of The Prince. This chapter deals with ‘Mixed Principalities’ and the difficulties in regulating them. By the term ‘Mixed Principalities’, Machiavelli provides two basic types of ruling: hereditary and new. In chapter 1 and chapter 2 of The Prince, Machiavelli asserts the basic methods of acquisition in the light of ‘Mixed Principalities’. He cites examples of both hereditary as well as new principalities: The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. (Machiavelli et al. 15) According to the author, the changes that occur as aftermaths of acquisition involve a complex process. The members of the state desire changes for their betterment, and when that does not happen, they tend to revolt against the new rulers. A new prince (allegorically represented as the new ruler) must enforce stringent protocols and laws on his subjects to keep them under his authority. Now the dilemma of a new prince is beautifully described as he faces a catch 22 situation. When the prince conquers a new country, he makes enemies galore and at the same time, he is distanced from his friends in that he is not supposed to give them everything they expects of him. He has to maintain a balance in terms of his commitment. The example of Louis XII, the king of France, is given to explicate the ideas of difficulties in retaining the power. He captured Milan twice and lost twice. The subjects who assisted him in acquisition of the Italian state left his side when they felt that they got duped into false hopes by the king of France. Now when the king, after realizing the areas he needed to work on, occupied Milan for the second time, he did not make the same mistake of disappointing the rebels. Albeit he was hesitant, he inflicted punishment on the offenders to satisfy the rebels. Now, the irony of the entire policy lies in the fact that Louis XII, by provoking ire among the mass of Milan, made himself vulnerable to his throne, which led to his downfall for the second time in succession. From this historical lesson, Machiavelli infers three likely and effective governing strategies of principalities. Machiavelli thinks of three interrelated scenarios in terms of regulating the acquired principalities to the best possible interest of the ruler. These scenarios provide a foundation for the modern day politicians to keep a hold on subjugated territories. According to the author, it helps a great deal if the acquired state shares the same cultural and linguistic identity of the ruling body. If the customs and language are same, the prince finds it easier to keep the people of the state he acquires under control. On the contrary, when states conquered differ in language, laws and customs, it becomes a challenging job to restore peace. One of the feasible solutions for the ruler is to physically relocate himself to the acquired state so that he can perpetuate his command over it. Availability at hand helps enormously when it comes to settling disputes. In this regard, Machiavelli cites the example of the Turk in Greece, â€Å"†¦who, notwithstanding all the other measures taken by him for holding that state, if he had not settled there, would not have been able to keep it. Because, if one is on the spot, disorders are seen as they spring up, and one can quickly remedy them. † (Machiavelli et al. 18) The third possibility Machiavelli suggests is to build colonies of the acquired state in different places. The wily measures that are taken by the rulers are thoroughly exposed by the author here: â€Å"The other and better course is to send colonies to one or two places, which may be as keys to that state, for it necessary either to do this or else to keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry. A prince does not spend much on colonies, for with little or no expense he can send them out and keep them there, and he offends a minority only of the citizens from whom he takes lands and houses to give them to the new inhabitants; and those whom he offends, remaining poor and scattered, are never able to injure him; whilst the rest being uninjured are easily kept quiet, and at the same time are anxious not to err for fear it should happen to them as it has to those who have been despoiled. † (Machiavelli et al. 19) As Machiavelli suggests in The Prince, theoretical as well as practical understanding of the ‘Mixed Principalities’ was best grasped by the Romans. They took a leaf out of the previous ruling kingdoms and made it a point to defend their territories tactfully. They sent minorities to colonies and maintained a friendly relation with them. They did not flaunt their power at wrong places at the wrong time. Instead, they preserved it to drive away any other foreign force trying to encroach upon the lands under their dominion. â€Å"The Romans, in the countries which they annexed, observed closely these measures; they sent colonies and maintained friendly relations with the minor powers, without increasing their strength; they kept down the greater, and did not allow any strong foreign powers to gain authority. † (Machiavelli et al. 20) Now these maneuvering techniques adapted by the Romans in Machiavelli’s times may not prove to be fruitful in the context of modern day politics. If we take into account the events in recent history of Afghanistan and Iraq, we will find that the strategy of the Bush administration did not work out as intended. The probable reasons may be the secular form of politics and society that Machiavelli recommended in The Prince is a mismatch in modern world. Besides, the author’s idea of the nature and temperament of citizens does not conform to the opinion of humanists. The idea of morality is completely shunned in The Prince, for the author felt that it acted as an obstacle for gaining supreme governance of a state. (The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics 2006) Now this is highly improbable in modern society, because there are numerous human rights organizations to look after the humanistic aspects of warfare. Moreover, if we closely examine Hitler’s tenure in Nazi Germany, we will be able to find some resemblance between what Machiavelli proposed in The Prince and what Hitler did. According to Machiavelli, a prince must build an army comprising of his own countrymen. This helps gaining a sound control of the states he plans to acquire. The discipline of warfare and the single-mindedness of the prince to achieve what he wants to achieve hold the key to success. Tracing the history of Nazi Germany, one can find that Hitler built up his infamous Nazi party along with building a network of local party organizations to reinforce his administrative control over most of the German territories. (Compares Adolf Hitler to Machiavellis The Prince 1995-2008) The Prince allows the readers and critics alike to form opinions of their own. The relevance of the political ideologies propagated in the book remains to be an unsolved issue till date. Machiavelli deduced his viewpoints primarily from the turbulent socio-political situation of Italy in the beginning of the sixteenth century. But the world has changed a lot since those days. We have discussed both the success as well as failure of the policies advocated by The Prince in case of Nazi Germany and the United States of America respectively. References â€Å"Compares Adolf Hitler to Machiavellis The Prince†. Cheathouse. com. 1995-2008. 12 February 2009 http://www. cheathouse. com/essay/essay_view. php? p_essay_id=53138 Hooker, Richard. â€Å"The Way Princes Should Keep Their Word†. n. d. 12 February 2009 http://www. wsu. edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/machiavelli. html Machiavelli, Niccolo, Leo Paul S. De Alvarez, and Yves Levy. The Prince. South Carolina: Forgotten Books, 1980. â€Å"The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics. † Azete. 2006. 12 February 2009 http://www. azete. com/view/3385

Recreation Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Recreation Evaluation Essay The therapeutic recreation process is a systematic method of planning and providing services for individuals with disabilities. The process is based on a systems theory approach. The system is designed for a guide for a well-defined, goal-oriented purpose to the activity or program being provided. It involves four phases: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Use of the therapeutic recreation process is not dependent on location, but on systematic and consistent use of assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating services for people with disabilities. The process is applied in settings like hospitals, long-term facilities and useful in leisure education and recreation participation settings, like park and recreation agencies and schools. Delivering therapeutic recreation services in community setting has been successful when the therapeutic recreation process is applied. It is not the setting that determines the use of the therapeutic recreation process, but the needs of the clients. Using the therapeutic recreation process allows the therapeutic recreation specialist to individualize within recreation programs designed specifically for people with disabilities and to systematically develop support plans for inclusive recreation programs. The therapists conducts an assessment that identifies the client’s abilities and limitations by asking a series of questions related to social skills and observing their interactions with their peers. Information is gathered not only for the client, but also from family, caregiver, social worker, friends, and vocational counselor to provide thorough information prior to participation so that the client needs may be addressed. The purpose is to determine the needs of the individual in relation to the independent functioning in recreation settings. Materials include questions designed to determine an individual’s needs related to independent recreation participation. Program descriptions clarify activity content, participation requirements, possible risks, and intended outcomes that aid in determining these needs. Thorough and accurate information about the individual is necessary, even when participation is self initiated and voluntary. Without accurate information the quality of an assessment is compromised. Programs and activities may be pre-planned; assessments enable the therapeutic recreation specialist to individualize interventions, accommodations, and teaching strategies within group activities. For example, the leisure education program in which the client is registered may have a group goal to improve socialization skills through participation in group activities, but the client will have a goal more specific to their needs, such as the client will use socially appropriate means to identify deficits in specific activity skill (i. e. sports), as well as general skill (i. e. social skills). In addition, assessments for an individual participating in a specialized recreation program may differ from an assessment used with someone who is interested in participating in an inclusive recreation program. Assessments applied to those participating in separate programs often ask for more detail about the person’s level of functioning that an assessment used to analyze participation in inclusive recreation would. A unique aspect of a community recreation assessment is that it can be a lifelong process. Unlike treatment settings, such as hospitals where a therapeutic recreation specialist may only work with and individual for a brief period of time, people with disabilities who participate in community recreation programs often remain involved in programs for many years. From the assessment of the client’s social skills, the therapist discovered that the client had trouble initiating and sustaining conversations. For example, the client would stand by themselves and watch their peers rather than joining in conversations. When the client’s peers would include them in conversations, the client would walk away. The therapeutic recreation specialist found that the client often feels like they do not know what to say to others. The planning phase of the therapeutic recreation process can guide a therapeutic recreation specialist in developing individualized goals and objective for the client and then select recreation activities to meet the goals and objectives. The planning component is helpful for identifying activities to meet goals and objectives that promote independent recreation functioning. Some activities have the potential for improvement of functioning (i. e. warm water aquatics) in treatment and rehabilitation settings. The therapist selects a twelve week leisure education program that includes social skills training components to meet the objectives outlined for the client. Leisure education focuses on the development and acquisition of leisure-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge so a person can express him/herself through leisure. Community recreation therapeutic recreation programs provide and ideal environment to apply leisure education goals by teaching how to access and utilize community recreation resources, as well as how to develop skills related to independent recreation functioning. The therapists forms goals, develops objectives, specifies activities (i. e. social skills) and determines a means of evaluation. According to Austin and Crawford (1996), the implementation phase of the therapeutic recreation process is the action phase and involves carrying-out the individual or group program plan. The therapeutic recreation specialist carries out the social skills and dance program, focusing on group and individual goals, For example, the group will be taught how to appropriately ask someone to dance and the client will be taught ways to initiate conversations with dance partner. The implementation phase involves coordinating and executing recreation activities proposed in the plan, as well as documenting information about the individual (i. e. his or her responses), the program (i. e. time of day, duration), and the activities (i. e. competitive vs.learning). Implementation of the individual plan in the recreation setting requires focusing to social (i. e. attitudinal), programmatic (i. e. adaptations), and environmental (i. e. accessibility) issues. For example, general recreation programs in which people with disabilities can be included may not be structured to accommodate people with a variety of disabilities. The therapists may implement numerous adaptations or accommodations according to the individual’s disability and have knowledge and skills to make these adaptations to facilitate participation. Other factors that could affect the implementation of the individual plan include inconsistent attendance of a participant with a disability, unanticipated facility/environmental issues, lack of support from family/caregivers, inconsistency of general recreation staff, and inappropriate program placement. The therapist conducts evaluations on the client’s skills at the end of the twelve week program by asking the same series of questions asked in the assessment phase and conducting an observation. The purpose of the evaluation phase is to assess the client’s response to the planned program and the plan’s effectiveness and determine whether revisions are necessary. While conduction the evaluation, the therapists can interview the participant, speak with family members or caregivers, review documentation, administer questionnaires, and observe the participant while engaged in the activity. Conducting a mid-term evaluation will aid in the clients process and help in necessary adjustments to a person’s program plan. Thorough and accurate documentation is a critical component of the evaluation process. An important concern with evaluative documentation in the settings is that the information is made available to others and is ultimately utilized. For example, at the conclusion of the leisure education program, the client may choose to enroll in a new program with different general or therapeutic recreation staff. Assessment and evaluation information should be passed on to the staff of the client’s new program to ensure continuity of goals and objectives. Applying the evaluation phase of the therapeutic recreation process in the therapeutic recreation settings can be advantageous in that information tracking can be done over a long period of time, enabling in-depth, longitudinal evaluations. However, a limitation of conducting the evaluation phase of the therapeutic recreation process I the settings is that pieces of information gathered at different points in time may become fragmented and not unified in one location. The therapist’s role is to compile the various evaluative elements into comprehensive evaluation document to be used across specialized and inclusive contests over time. RESOURCES Austin, D. R. , Crawford, M. E. (1996). Therapeutic recreation: An introduction. (2nd ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Howe-Murphy, R. , Charboneau, B. (1987). Therapeutic recreation intervention: An ecological perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Sylvester, C. (Ed. ). (1996). Philosophy of therapeutic recreation: Issues and ideas. Volume II. Ashburn, VA: National Therapeutic Recreation Society Peterson, C. A. , Gunn, S. L (1984). Therapeutic recreation program design: Principles and procedures. (2nd ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc RECREATION EVALUATION RCSM 351 12/07/2010 PEGGY PEARSON.