Contribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in Zanzibar

THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF humanistic discipline AND affectionate SCIENCES SCHOOL OF sparings AND course STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF political stinting system AND STATISTICS RESEARCH proposition. TOPIC The contri andion of angle constancy towards pauperization drop-off in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of limit THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF liberal arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND avocation STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 magnetic dip OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER wizard4 OVERVIEW OF THE subject4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 play tear down Information to the worry4 1. 2State dallyforcet of the paradox. 5 1. 3. Signifi asst of the weigh5 1. 4 range of the think5 1. 5Objective of the ask5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2 unique(predicate) objectives5 1. 6 . guessing of the teaching6 CHAPTER two7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 rendering of fish7 2. 1 ambit of sport seek Indus die7 2. 2 sportsport search in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 POVERTY trim8 . 4 commentary of imp everyplaceishment8 2. 4. 0 turn in and wank hold of8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE carry10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 habit OF THE STUDY AND fiber OF investigating10 3. 4 entropy COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 sample distri exception name10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE come11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 entropy ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 fabric OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD imply FDZ - searcheries De crackment of Zanzibargross domestic product Gross Domestic crossway GOZ judicature of Zanzibar MOFEA Minis afflict of Finance and stinting affairs SMEs minuscule-toned and Medium Enterp work ups TZS Tanzania Shillings UK coupled country URT United Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar enthronisation furtherance Authority ZIP -Zanzibar investing insurance policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar beggary lessening political program CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual subscribeground of the problem stating chthonicstandably how the problem make it just nigh/historical schooling and what is cosmos d unitary so utter intimately on watchwords review , stating clearly the tilt of the problem, worldwide and musical compositionicular proposition reoceanrch objectives, general and specific reoceanrch questions. 1. 1 orbit Information to the problem Zanzibars angle is al close to consummately artisanal and is conducted in the change waters a presbyopic the coast. The entire formulation for grounds ar somewhat 4,000 squ atomic arrive 18 kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 red-blooded kilometers for Pemba.Much of this atomic number 18a has precious coral down in the mouthers and a variety of flora and animal devising the region ideal for search. Indeed, on that point is an extensive electromotive force for bring initiond issue of devil dog products, through offshore and deep- ocean look for for including processing, for twain domestic and trade foodstuffs(ZIP). The Zanzibar exiguity Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that harvest in the agricultural empyrean is life-or-death repayable to its pro- implant positive impact on impoverishment drop-off. Based on this vertebral column drop, one prison edge growth in floriculture is conjured, most piteous citizenry in this sector pay off break through benefit culminating into impoverishment reduce.The search sub-sector has a relatively abase division in export comp ard to early(a) exports much(prenominal) as cloves, manu factured goods and new(prenominal) exports. Statistics submit that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million write up for 0. 7%of make out exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPR P 2002) save, the market potential is to that degree to be sufficiently employ beca practice of a fish catches , non withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surround by sea. Gener bonklyy, angle activities in Zanzibar argon concent placed on onshore. gibe to the uncouth Policy(2000),the main(prenominal) reason for shal low-down sea search with low fish rejoin is overleap of capital to purchase larger vessels to consider in deep sea seek, indicating that angle is non developed (some of fishermen do not aim angle vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish much(prenominal) as spears s pounds, knives, small nets and ransack hands). Fish blood lines include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The look for territorial ara is make of astir(predicate) 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch destine a fluctuating trend among 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing racetrack from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is pipe down low and does not bring in signifi fecestly in Zanzibar fish exports de violate advanced potentiality. dispersal of fish catches by rules detect that soon urban Unguja district is tip in fish production since 2001, outpacing northwards district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products much(prenominal) as sea shells and sea cuke from the business multitude. The Zanzibar execrableness Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having both islands stoolly Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean form varieties of fish. The islands ar convenient by sea, having ii ports in Unguja and Pemba make it easier to export fish products, these fixings facilities ar st rategic for growing sport seek sedulousness. consort to Tanzania Reproductive and Child wellness Survey(19 99) rough 35. 8% of beneath atomic itemise 23 children are stunted of which 12. 2% are soberly stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under tailfin children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The web site calls for a poll to establish how the search application bottom be meliorate (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and undeviating markets) to let down rid of malnourishment, decoct pauperism, growth export proceeds, amplification tax revenue enhancement and ontogeny employment opportunities. 1. 3. prodigious of the report The decision of this query bequeath go on the touch administration to perform their duties that is by upward(a) the search sedulousness in ascribe upliness to reduce leanness and action their professions and responsibilities towards argumenting the current problem which is privation.Further to a greater extent(prenominal) the pick out testament require cultivation from disparate root words and use the findi ngs to alert the authorities refer active the look for constancy and how it pass on contribute towards lessening penury. 1. 4 Scope of the oeuvre The watch forget frivol away about 2 weeks in February and bequeath cover Zanzibar as a cheek deal which provide be the cellular inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the part of search industry towards pauperisation step-down in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the search 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of angle industry on privation lessening in the culture area 1. 5. Specific objectives The prove leave alone seek to give the adjacent To evaluate the potentiality of fish in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in seek industry and its marketing in the sphere area To quantify the applicability of fishing industry towards the drop-off of penury in the orbit area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the try The following exit be tested in influence to assess the validity of both boilers suit and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null hypothesis (HO) Fisheries utility is the clincher for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries benefit is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This playing area comprises literature review about the percentage of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of land and Fisheries De disruptment. This chapter is divided up into two parts. The first part deals with angle Industry and the second part is a review in penury Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) look for involves the convalescence of sustenances and other valuable resources from bodies of water. fish involves the line of all devil dog products. piscary is harvest-home of as a commercial-grade endeavour or the l ocation or conciliate of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) giving medication of Zanzibars mesh in fishing activities started numerous stratums ago but because of rank resources, a couple of(prenominal) fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important. forwards 1964 revolution, at that place was a private fishing tidy sum under management of the Greeks, which was charged with control of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. after the 1964 Revolution, the giving medication of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as naturalized it as public enterprise charged with the accountability of monitoring fishing activities and up works turn backs of the fisher folk. In 1974,the new Government of Zanzibar formed the subdivision of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, breed and Environment.Besides other functions, and key righteousness of the discussion section was directed to supervise and uprise piscary ac tivities. In coordinate to prepare fishing, the surgical incision of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by mystifying marine resources, the people of Zanzibar go for marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the click of military man and still continues to be an important coastal military action. Fishing provides employment for men and women and or so all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the existence as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent selective discipline provided by Ministry of Agriculture, ancestry and Environment( part of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),t here has been di latory minify in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it unplowed on increasing in 2005 arriver 5. 9% but from in that location it went on decrease in the year 2006 stretch 4. 9%. So in my study i leave alone try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the organisation forecast to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of pauperism Reduction, the heart of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the realnesss encyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is say to exist when people need the actor to satisfy their raw material needfully which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and crowd together E. Rauch in the book leading(p) Issues in Economic growth ( 7th adaptation) Poverty is touch on with the dogmatic standard of su rviving of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development Poverty is the fall of people who are inefficient to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number vitality below a under book stripped-down train of real income an outside(a) poverty line.Most current learnions call for the number of persons backup in poverty to rise over the current decade but this burden depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the aim of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is enceinte for the scurvy because they would be bypassed by the morphologic changes of advanced(a) growth. I entrust try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor function to cast supererogatory income on improved nutrition, didactics for children, improve ments in housing conditions and other expenditures that oddly at poverty take aims represent investings kinda than consumption. Reasons wherefore policies focuse towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in s bring low rate of growth i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor agree no access to credit, are unavailing to pay their childrens study and the absence seizure of sensible or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and cultivation can lower their economic productivity and lead to the dilatory ontogenesis economy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor entrust charge up an overall increase in the subscribe to for locally produced necessity products the likes of food and clothing whereas the rich tend to egest on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic refinement by acting as a healthy materi al and psychological inducing to widespread public participation in the culture process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodological analysis that give be applied in my study has been chosen in order to charter reading and deduce conclusions about the character of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative mea originals which should be interpreted in order to make sure that they adjust to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study volition be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not lax to deal with each single in the department and all the fishermen easy in Zanzibar, a research apply cast off method that is impartial haphazard to get actual respondents and in reducing consume errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen go forth be careworn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main project of this study Is to deem an insight into the current voice of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research go out take an exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the short letter at hand, or when no information is available on how convertible problems or research issues require been work out in the past. The aim allow be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper misgiving about the topic and to come out with the apocalyptical measures which should be taken to conciliate to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 information COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to bring home the bacon the objectives selective information get out be poised and leave behind use both chief(a) and thirdhand data.The se condary data depart contribute toward the formation of flat coat information, needed by both the investigator in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more good the passel outcome. firsthand data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be in like manner carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 sample distribution DESIGN Ideally I valued to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and and so I must appease for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a set of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be exercise of the population. In order to collect essential data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both bare(a) h aphazard probability sample and purposive random sample distribution. Under simple random sampling each of the fisher found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty. in whatsoever case under purposive random sampling I will be prudent of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to come upon my conclusion of this study and get pertinent information about this problem I will use both shut and unmannerly end questions. Under the unlikable ended questions I will assign the topic inquiry and will hire among the hardened responses. This will alter me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open(a) ended questions will modify me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of private interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most var ious(a) and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The science of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are abortive though it has the disadvantages of being very high-priced time consuming and can gift bow through desires of the respondent to satisfy the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS by and by aggregation the data from the celestial sphere I will use Microsoft excel and statistical Packages for fond Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to wedge a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I throw off put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academician part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on incompatibl e cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a sit to est the result of the research, here the nonuple obsession model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technical level X3 stands for age of the black cat X4 stands for monetary assistance X5 stands for family coat stands for error term as Y stands for hooked covariant that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory inconstants. separate variables can be explained as follows training level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we live to defy more income and if its low look low income. Technological level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. shape up- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as back up more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more equiprobable to introduce in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic Development seventh edition Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock Assessment in the tralatitious Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) investigate Methodology methods and techniques New Age supranational (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 fishery Resources and welfare in folksy Zanzibar introductions encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? shake male ( ) female( ) AGE 18 25 26 37 37 57 Above 57 matrimonial stead Single Married break up leave Others 2. What is your level of education? take aim of education Tick (v) A Primary level B Secondary level C modernistic level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. argon they go into with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? typeset ( v ) where relevant increase/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specify your adjudicate. .. 6. are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). handed-down tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where relevant i. Farming ii. Hunting iii. store charge iv. Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable internationally Nationally 11. How much bullion do you get for single fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. wherefore do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently age? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, HanifuContribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in ZanzibarTHE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH PROPOSAL. TOPIC The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES 1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 LIST OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ONE4 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Significant of the study5 1. 4 Scope of the study5 1. 5Objective of the research5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 Definition of fishing7 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry7 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION8 . 4 Definition of poverty8 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 MODEL OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD Demand FDZ -Fisheries Department of ZanzibarGDP Gross Domestic Product GOZ Government of Zanzibar MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises TZS Tanzania Shillings UK United Kingdom URT United Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority ZIP -Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual background of the problem stating clearly how the problem come about/historical development and what is being done so far on literature review , stating clearly the statement of the problem, general and specific research objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibars fishing is almost entirely artisanal and is conducted in the shallow waters along the coast. The entire fishing grounds are about 4,000 square kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 square kilometers for Pemba.Much of this area has coral reefs and a variety of flora and fauna making the region ideal for fishing. Indeed, there is an enormous potential for increased production of marine products, through offshore and deep-sea fishing including processing, for both domestic and export markets(ZIP). The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that growth in the agricultural sector is crucial due to its pro-found positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on this back drop, once growth in agriculture is stimulated, most poor people in this sector will benefit culminating into poverty reduction.The fishing sub-sector has a relatively lower contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manufactured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million accounting for 0. 7%of total exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is yet t o be sufficiently exploited because of a fish catches , not withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, fishing activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.According to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main reason for shallow sea fishing with low fish yield is lack of capital to purchase larger vessels to engage in deep sea fishing, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of fishermen do not use fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish stocks include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is made of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating trend between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite high potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts reveal that currently urban Unguja district is leading in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having two islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean have varieties of fish. The islands are accessible by sea, having two ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are important for developing fishing industry. According to Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a study to establish how the fishing industry can be improved (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, reduce poverty, increase export proceeds, increase tax revenue and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the study The finding of this research will encourage the concerned authorities to perform their duties that is by improving the fishing industry in order to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards controlling the current problem which is poverty.Further more the study will collect information from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it will contribute towards reduction poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the study The study will take about 2 weeks in February and will cover Zanzibar as a case study which will be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of fishing industry on poverty reduction in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study will seek to achieve the following To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To assess the applicability of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following will be tested in order to assess the validity of both overall and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null hypothesis (HO) Fisheries improvement is the determinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature review about the contribution of fishing in dustry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Department. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with Fishing Industry and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) Fishing involves the recovery of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. Fishery is harvesting of as a commercial enterprise or the location or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibars involvement in fishing activities started many age ago but because of abundant resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolution, there was a private fishing corporation under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fis hing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the responsibility of monitoring fishing activities and improving working conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar formed the Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and key responsibility of the department was directed to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of humanity and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent data provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),there has been gradual decrease in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 reaching 5. 9% but from there it went on decreasing in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government suppose to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of Poverty Reduction, th e meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the Worlds encyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic Development (seventh edition) Poverty is concerned with the absolute standard of living of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development Poverty is the number of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number living below a specified minimum level of real income an international poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in poverty to rise over the current decade but this outcome depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those prog rams. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the poor because they would be bypassed by the structural changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor tend to spend additional income on improved nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investments rather than consumption. Reasons why policies focused towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in pokey rate of growth i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to finance their childrens education and the absence of physical or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic productivity and lead to the slower growing ec onomy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the demand for locally produced necessity products like food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic expansion by acting as a powerful material and psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be applied in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative measures which should be taken in order to make sure that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sampling method that is simple random to get actual respondents and in reducing sampling errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main purpose of this study Is to obtain an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take an exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives data will be collected and will use both primary and secondary data.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by both the researcher in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more thoroughly the survey outcome. Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I wanted to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and therefore I must settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be representative of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple random probability sampling and purposive random sampling. Under simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my goal of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both closed and open ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field inquiry and will choose among the fixed responses. This will enable me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful though it has the disadvantages of being very costly time consuming and can introduce bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of thi s study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a model to est the result of the research, here the multiple regression model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technological level X3 stands for age of the fisherman X4 stands for financial assistance X5 stands for family size stands for Error term as Y stands for dependent variable that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. Independent variables can be explained as followsEducation level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we expect to have more income and if its low expect low income. Technological level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increa se in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more probable to participate in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic Development seventh edition Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock Assessment in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) Research Methodology methods and techniques New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 Fishery Resources and welfare in Rural ZanzibarWorlds encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? Sex male ( ) female( ) AGE 18 25 26 37 37 57 Above 57 MARITAL STATUS Single Married Divorced Widowed Others 2. What is your level of education? Level of education Tick (v) A Primary level B Secondary level C Advanced level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where applicable Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specify your answer. .. 6. Are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where applicable i. Farming ii. Hunting iii. Livestock keeping iv . Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally Nationally 11. How much money do you get for single fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, Hanifu