The Science Of Science Is Not Always Stable, It Is...

Scientific instability Science is not always stable, it is constantly changing and becoming true and leaving behind the old ideas. Science requires intuitive minds and opinions to continue its testing to assure correctness is achieved. In the 1400s it was still believed that the Earth was the center of the universe but, Nicolaus Copernicus an astronomer and mathematician, developed a model in which the sun was the center rather than the Earth. This lead to future findings that in fact it was the Sun and not the Earth in the center. Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by Copernicus, played a major role during the Renaissance s scientific revolution. His findings came during the late 1500s and one of his major quotes states, All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. These were all important and led to the future which is now and allows us to understand the world better. Johannes Kepler, was a German unlike most of the one s we study he w as a mathematician, astronomer and astrologer during the 1600s. He is widely known for his laws of planetary motion. These discoveries and an apple brought Isaac Newton to discover gravity and its purpose. Newton was a mathematician and physicist during the early 1700s. Albert Einstein, perhaps one of the most known for scientific discovery such as the atomic bomb. He was a German theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity which really shaped modern physics. His findingsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Jean Piaget: The Man Behind the Lab Coat4555 Words   |  19 PagesJean Piaget: The Man Behind the Lab Coat Jean Piagets legacy is one that has affected a wide disparity of disciplines. Commonly acknowledged as one of the foremost psychologists of the 20th century, certainly the premiere child developmental psychologist, Piaget preferred to be referred to as a genetic epistemologist. This is because he identified child psychology as being limited to merely the study of the child, whereas his main focus was the study of the origins, characteristics, and limitationsRead MoreSocial Effects of Technology Essay6374 Words   |  26 Pagesview. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding away the things that give society value and leaving behind a rusted hulk. Admittedly there always the potential for abuse or misuse of a technology, but technology is not inherently destructive, I argue. In the following we will consider ten effects of technology. No doubt many more can be thought of. Instead of, orRead More Social Effects of Technology Essays6300 Words   |  26 Pagesview. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding away the things that give society value and leaving behind a rusted hulk. Admittedly there always the potential for abuse or misuse of a technology, but technology is not inherently destructive, I argue. In the following we will consider ten effects of technology. No doubt many more can be thought of. Instead of, or inRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. ArtsRead MoreRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 PagesPhotographys Discursive Spaces: Landscape/View Rosalind Krauss Art Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, The Crisis in the Discipline. (Winter, 1982), pp. 311-319. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3249%28198224%2942%3A4%3C311%3APDSL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 Art Journal is currently published by College Art Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. 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Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before  were the cause of massive death, now  are things of the past. With the advancesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesChallenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constitutingRead MoreToyota Industry And Customer Value7902 Words   |  32 Pagesexceed their expectations. 3. Welcoming New Challenges: embrace the challenge of creation. 4. Global Perspective: learning from the best in the world to become the best in the world. 5. Encouraging Teamwork: recognize individual and collaborative ideas (Toyota Industries Corporation, 2015). The following core values also help Toyota distinguish itself in terms of brand recognition. The reality is that a strong car brand can create significant value in the automotive industry. Research shows thatRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pages Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. Charlotte Bronte lost her mother when she was five years old, and was raised by her aunt. Jane rejected two offers of marriage, but took one later; Charlotte rejected four offers of marriage, but accepted one later as well. Bronte based Jane s physical features off her. They are both poor. Bronte became a teacher

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hiring Employees with...

INTRODUCTION Walgreens is the first company ever to introduce a diversity and inclusion program within their company, which gives them a first mover advantage in the market. With this strategy, the company was able to gather a variety of skills and knowledge that competitors didn’t have in their distribution centers, well increasing their efficiency and productivity. This paper, will discuss the advantages and disadvantages that comes with hiring people with disabilities. And how, these disadvantages are not as problematic as perceived, as well as how some risk associated with these disadvantages can be mitigated. Furthermore, this diversity and inclusion program should be included in Proctor Gamble, since their purpose and core†¦show more content†¦DISADVANTAGE Although the disability inclusion initiative gives the company numerous benefits, the program also comes with a cost of implementing new infrastructures in order for the warehouses to be disabled friendly. For example, employees with physical disability will require longer time to move equipment, and/or employees with mental disability will need more time to read and interpret documents. Thus, companies hiring employees with disabilities will need to accommodate them by switching from text-based to image-based equipment and/or implement more automation in the warehouses. With that being said, changes in the hiring process will also be required in order to effectively hire disabled employees. At Walgreens, the company had to alter the way they hire and recruit, since a lot of disabled people needed assistance to apply for a position in the company. As well, most of these potential disabled people could not get pass the internetShow MoreRelatedThe advantages of hiring disabled worke Essay example1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Some 600 million people worldwide have disabilities, reports the International Labor Organization, and many still struggle with acquiring and maintaining gainful employment. Individuals with disabilities are at disproportionate risk for unemployment and extremely prone to living in poverty, according to The International Labor Organization. The major contributing factors of this employment challenge can be attributed to the disadvantages a disabled person faces in the workplace, as well as theRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Of Human Resources1184 Words   |  5 PagesProblem The problem is creating a recruitment and selection plan to ensure the recruitment of these employees runs smoothly, ties into our company’s mission and vision, complies with the law, and encourages diversity. The purpose of this plan to meet the unique meet of four predetermined positions in our company. Evidence From an article â€Å"Planning Recruitment Selection of Human Resources†, Johnston states that recruitment and selection of human resources can have internal and external searchesRead MoreFor Jetblue To Ensure They Are Within Hiring Practices1321 Words   |  6 Pages For JetBlue to ensure they are within hiring practices they must abide by these three national employment laws. The first national law is known as the age discrimination in employment act of 1967. The purpose of this law is to protect individuals whose ages range from 40-65 years old from being discriminated against by employers due to their age. This law impacts JetBlue hiring practices by making JetBlue hire applicants of all age groups who meet the qualifications. 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To know what other alternative benefits can be given to employees, aside from monetary benefits. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: Has loyal customers Has a facility that attracts potential customers and members. Weaknesses: High turnover rate Low morale and motivation The companyRead MoreHow Business Is A Coffee Shop Dedicated For The Creation Of An Ambience That Encourages Creativity And The Exchange Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most benefit. The major structuring options available to business owners are as follows: 1) Sole Proprietorship, 2) Partnership, 3) Limited Liability Partnership, and 4) Corporation. Associated with each business structure are various advantages and disadvantages. Dependent upon the business structure selected, the obligations and expectations of a business will vary, and determine how a business operates in aspects like: formation, management, and taxation. With knowledge of this, it was decidedRead MoreWe Need Diversity in the Workplace Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasingly emphasizing group work or teamwork as a source of competitive advantage in a diverse workforce. It has been suggested that such organizations must target their recruitment efforts at applicants who are both diverse and amenable to worki ng in teams ( Rau, Hyland 2003). A cultural environment must allow differences to be celebrated instead of merely tolerated. All employees must understand the competitive and moral advantages of diversity. They must respect and support cultural diversity throughRead MoreHuman Resources Management : The Success Of Organizations1306 Words   |  6 Pagesrecruit, select, train and develop their employees which will fit the goals and objectives of the organization. The role of Human resources manager can be conducted by a department of one person depending upon the size of the company and their size (Satterlee, 2013). During the recruitment process, employers should implement tools to ensure a diverse workplace. In addition, as organizations hire to fill positions they must be mindful to train employees on the laws surround sexual harassment andRead MoreNon Discrimination Policies Of The Home Depot Company Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesInstructor: Date of Submission: Non-Discrimination Policy Companies that discriminate on basis of a host of job-irrelevant issues, comprising race, sexual orientation, gender, disability, age and ethnicity put themselves at a competitive disadvantage as opposed to companies that appraise employees solely on their credentials and qualifications to work well. Given the high rates of discrimination encountering the workforce today, discrimination based on racial discrimination and sexualRead MoreThe Importance of Ethical Business Practices: Walmart Law Suites 842 Words   |  4 Pages there are many cases were certain companies will not follow any ethical guidelines and may often lead to sickness and or/death of some or all employees. One unethical issue which will be the focus for this issues study is sexual discrimination. . Employees are protected from all kinds of discrimination, which include the discrimination of age, disability, race and sex, at all stages of employment including employment, dismissal and all stages in between. Sexual discrimination is that of people

A Comparative Analysis of the Various Contemporary...

Comparative Analysis Of The Various Contemporary Theologies For Systematic Theology TH 200 This paper is an attempt to assemble a comparative analysis of the various contemporary theologies presented by Paul Enns and Millard J. Erickson. In order to do a comparison we first need to understand the individuals involved and how theology is defined by each of these individuals. Generally speaking the term theology comes to us from Greek words meaning â€Å"the study of God†. According to the online Wikipedia, Paul P. Enns is an evangelical Christian pastor, biblical scholar and writer who serves as a full-time minister at Idlewild Baptist Church in Lutz, Florida, and as adjunct professor at Southeastern Baptist Theological†¦show more content†¦Belief that the Bible is â€Å"inspired† (in that word’s original meaning) by God is only held by simpletons. This directly contradicts 2 Timothy 3:16-17: â€Å"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.† 2) The virgin birth of Christ is a mythological false teaching. This directly contradicts Isaiah 7:14 and Luke 2. 3) Jesus did not rise again from the grave in bodily form. This contradicts the resurrection accounts in all four Gospels and the entire New Testament. 4) Jesus was a good moral teacher, but His followers and their followers have taken liberties with the history of His life (there were no â€Å"supernatural† miracles), with the Gospels having been written many years later and merely ascribed to the early disciples in order to give greater weight to their teachings. This contradicts the 2 Timothy passage and the doctrine of the supernatural preservation of the Scriptures by God. 5) Hell is not real. Man is not lost in sin and is not doomed to some future judgment without a relationship with Christ through faith. Man can help himself; no sacrificial death by Christ is necessary since a loving God would not send people to such a place as hell and since man is not born in sin. This contradicts Jesus Himself, who declared Himself to be the Way to God, through His atoning death (John 14:6).

Egyptian Art History Essay Example For Students

Egyptian Art History Essay An unknown artist created the  Statue of an Offering Bearer  in 1981-1975 BCE (acc. no. 20.3.7). The sculpture was found in a hidden chamber in the tomb of the royal chief steward Meketre (museum label). Offering bearers were placed in tombs and would represent estates that would provide the spirits with sustenance.  Statue of an Offering Bearer  depicts a young woman wearing an elaborate dress and jewelry standing with her left foot forward. Her left hand is balancing a basket full of meat on her head. In her right hand she is holding a live duck by its wings. The statue is smaller than life size, standing at four feet tall. The statue was carved out from wood using a subtractive method. Gesso, a primer and paint were used to decorate the wood, adding add details and color. The statue is in remarkable condition. The only signs of deterioration on the statue are the crack in the woman’s left foot and worn and peeling paint are the only signs of deterioration on the statue. In ancient Egypt the ideal figure was the god like king.   He is eternally young and his eyes are usually focused in the distance as if he is focusing on focusing on eternity. Additionally, most ancient sculptures have faces that are expressionless. This is because they are not made to show personality they aren’t to show eternity. His body is youthful. It is muscular and athletic. Its simplified and not very detailed. They take a human feature and make it divine. (notes) It is usually static and formal and without motion, kings were made out of stones. The statue is stepping forward on her left leg. A moment in time is captured here. The statue is moving forward. An additional way to look at is the women’s weight is evenly distributed between her two legs. She is balanced and so is the basket on her head. Usually in ancient Egyptian art when ones leg is forward it looks as though all the statues weight is on one leg. In Greek art the weight is distributed evenly. (notes) Methods and Materials: This freestanding sculpture was carved out of wood. The wood was carved out in a subtractive matter. The wood is covered in gesso, which is something that acts as a plaster and primer for paint. Paint is used on top to give detail, color and depth to the statue. This natural median of wood senses a natural message through the statue. They allude to the natural sustenance that this offering bearer is bringing to the deceased. Composition: This statue is both symmetrical and asymmetrical. The woman’s face and body are symmetrical yet; her arms and legs are asymmetrical. Her right leg is out straight and her leg is stepping forward. Her right arm is straight down holding a live duck by its wings. Her left hand is bent upwards holding and stabilizing the basket of meats that is balanced on her head. The basket that is on top of her head is a symmetrical shape. Additionally, the duck itself is symmetrical. From the shape of the woman’s body it seems as though she was carved out from a long cylinder of wood from a tree. Additionally, the statue is standing on a rectangular base. It looks like the duck and the basket were made separately and later attached as then don’t seem to be part of the woman’s body. Figures like the duck and the basket stick out from the basic shape of the woman’s body. This statue gives off a strong sense of balance. The basket is balanced evenly on the woman’s head. The woman’s weight is balanced and distributed evenly between her legs. .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .postImageUrl , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:hover , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:visited , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:active { border:0!important; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:active , .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud651bf99a90d1a2189f3ac6273bd691d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood EssayThe woman’s body has her clothes and jewelry painted on it. There is no separation between her body and clothes, which make the curves of her body well defined. Lines: The lines and curves of the young woman’s body are natural. She is tall and slender. She has long legs, arms and a long torso, depicting an ideal body. Her arms are placed in a very natural way. Her hips, chest and stomach are made of very ordinary horizontal curves. The young woman’s body as a whole predominantly composed of vertical lines. Her torso, right arm and leg are strong vertical lines. Her left leg is stepping forwards and is made of a vertical line on a slight angle. The woman’s left arm is bent upwards and it is composed of diagonal lines. The woman’s dress and jewelry is comprised of horizontal and vertical patterns. Her headpiece is created using curved vertical lines. The lines the artist used to create this statue add meaning and depth to this piece. They add life and movement tot the statue. All of these lines draw attention to the natural build of the woman’s body. The natural lines that her body is composed of gives a sense on movement to the statue. Movement is also seen in the stance of the woman. It is as if she is stepping of forward, a moment has been captured. Offering bearer statues in ancient Egypt were used to represent different estates from which sustenance was brought to the deceased. Knowing the background of these statues it looks like this young lady is representing and estate that has produced sustenance and is on her way to present it to the deceased. Light: The artist considered the effect of light while creating this work. The box that is balanced on the young woman’s head casts a shadow on her head. This shadow enhances the light that is directed at the woman’s face. The formal device of light enhances the young woman’s face making it the focal point of the piece. Her face is lit up and her expression, emotion and natural beauty are able to shine through. Her eyes are open wide and looking off into the distance yet at the same time focused. She is focused on her ‘task’ head, bringing substance to the spirits. on what she is doing. Her Additionally, a shadow is seen on the basket from the way the light hits the woman’s hand. Another shadow is obvious by where the woman is holding the duck. The shadow of the duck is found on her leg. This creates a sense of depth and movement for the woman. Color and Texture: The wood carving of the statue is covered in gesso and paint. The woman’s face and skin that is not clothed was left with the natural color of the wood. The young woman is wearing traditional Egyptian clothes and jewelry yet they are very elaborate and detailed which indicates high status. The colors of the woman’s clothing and jewelry are yellow, green, blue and orange. These are all warm, bright, lively and beautiful colors. The duck in the woman’s right hand is painted in warm colors as well. The basket of the finest meat on top of the woman’s head is painted in darker colors. These darker color the lifelessness of the meat. The unpolished finish look of the wood shows the naturalness of this statue.

Diwan free essay sample

1. Give examples of needs, wants and demands that Diwan’s customers demonstrate, differentiating each of these three concepts Before launch of Diwan, bookstores in Egypt had limited selection of books that’s why book-hungry individual were had two choices to gets their need for reading by purchasing from other country or waiting for annual international book fair to purchase their yearlong book needs. Diwan worked on satisfying customer needs for gaining knowledge and reading by offering them bookstore with wide range of book varieties. Moreover, Diwan worked to extend their job to satisfy their customer’s wants by creating culture retail experience which offers a lot of activities for children and adults in addition to serve book-hungry populations. Diwan worked on meeting their customers’ demands by offering a lot of services which include extensive selection of books for different categories, multimedia offers like audio books and DVD, in addition every branch has stationary section that offers products from local international suppliers. We will write a custom essay sample on Diwan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Needs: state of felts deprivation , they include basic physical needs, social needs and individual needs. Ex. Diwans customer needs are to improve themselves and to be fulfilled and satisfied culturally and intellectually. Wants: Form that needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality Ex. Diwans customer wants to have a wider selection of books. they were Hungary for up to date books. and the only way to obtain those kind of books were either travelling or waiting for the annual international book fair. this way was relatively more expensive though. Demands: Wants backed by buying power Ex. They demanded a book store that can offer a wider selection of books that werent possible to reach in Egypt. 2. In details, describe all facets of Diwan’s product offering. Diwan product offering includes the following:- †¢ Extensive selections in Arabic/English/French in different categories such as the arts history †¢ Multimedia section which offers audio books, DVD, music CDs PC games for children and adults. †¢ Stationary section that offers products from local international suppliers. †¢ Others services such as book binding, children activities, gift wrapping, services for school, event hosting and used books exchanges. †¢ Delivery service. †¢ Loyalty program using loyalty cards which allow customers to accumulate points based on their purchases. †¢ Diwan have its own website in which offers several features such discussion forums and book clubs. Services offered by Diwan include, first, an extensive selection of books in Arabic, English , French and German in many different categories. Secondly, a multimedia section offers audio books ,DVDs , educational CD-ROMs, music CDs , and PC games for both children and adults. in addition, Diwan offers more than just new multimedia releases; it also offers classics which arent easily found in the Egyptian market. Also, Diwan has a stationary section in every branch that offers products from local and international suppliers, artistic calendars, bookmarks, and notebooks. Last but not least , Diwan offers variety of other services such as book binding , childrens activities , corporate gifts and services, gift wrapping, services for schools (including field trips, supplying books for school libraries),event hosting and used book exchanges.

People Have the Right to Die Essay Sample

People Have the Right to Die Essay SampleThere is a good chance that you've seen this article in the web - people have the right to die essay sample on the web and have created your first thoughts of understanding that it's really a very personal experience. You probably know this is a good thing, but if you haven't experienced it yet then just to fill you in, this isn't anything like what you might expect - there's more than one way to end your life and you're not alone. With just a few minutes of your time, you can read this essay sample and find out some unique ways on how to go about ending your life.I know this could be a difficult concept for you, but do you know what I mean? People have the right to die; you don't. It's a well known fact that you can change your mind and feel better about life or change your mind and feel worse about life. Whether you're dying or in a coma for the last few days of your life, you have the right to live and death should not be your only concern. You may not want to think about dying as much as you think about living. Maybe your family has been pressuring you to deal with death as soon as possible - think about it, it may already be too late to change your mind. This is the time when you'd like to take a vacation, to meet someone new, to look forward to a bright future, or do some traveling for the summer. You may not even want to try to live anymore after this. With these types of circumstances, it's important to consider yourself as having the right to die.To give you some perspective, this may already be the last time you will ever have to deal with stress, fear, depression, and probably grief. If you are suffering from some kind of terminal illness, you have to know that everything will be taken care of. Now you will be able to move on with your life with a positive outlook on life and let go of all your negative emotions.Remember, those who are terminally ill usually come to regret the decisions they made while they wer e young and free - people who just can't wait to die can't decide to keep going. You have to understand the power of this, just before you make your decision. Some people have the right to die because of their age. The longer you have been alive, the more chance you have to end your life, as well as be aware of how much time you have left.If you're worried about how you'll pay for your medical expenses and how you'll survive the last days, remember that there are affordable ways on how to pay for this, including lifestyle adjustments, whether you choose to deal with depression, lifestyle changes, counseling, and more. Having an assisted suicide may also have the effect of having a higher quality of life than if you still lived on, and it will take away your fear of ending your life in the last moments of your life.As for what you can do to help yourself, you can get out and do something to help with the situation that may lead to your wanting to end your life. There are always thing s that can be done to help you get by, but, it will be up to you to make your own decisions and get through your situation.Remember, everyone has the right to die. Whether you want to end your life or have just enough time left to live, you can choose to end your life in a natural and peaceful way. Don't let your mind be held hostage by stress, death, or grief; make the decision to end your life and let go of all your negative emotions, and let yourself live happily ever after.

Presocratic Philosophy free essay sample

Although Aristotle’s statement is too slight to serve as a sure foundation for judgment, it seems more likely that Thales was arguing for the broader presence of life forces in the world than most people imagined, rather than that the real in its totality is alive. Anaximander Thales’ younger contemporary from Miletus, Anaximander, born toward the end of the seventh century B. C. E. , found the explanatory principle of things in what he called ‘‘the apeiron,’’ a word that might be translated as ‘‘the indefinite,’’ ‘‘the boundless,’’ or both.This opens up the possibility that the apeiron is both immeasurably large in its temporal and physical extent and also qualitatively indefinite in that it is without measurable inner boundaries. The apeiron is further described, according to Aristotle, as being ‘‘without beginning,’’ ‘‘surrounding all things,’’ ‘‘steering all things,’’ ‘‘divine,’’ ‘‘immortal,’’ and ‘‘indestructible. ’’ Some have inferred that Anaximander’s barely concealed purpose was Western philosophy’s first attempt at demythologization. We will write a custom essay sample on Presocratic Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Equally striking is Anaximander’s description of the universe as a closed, concentric system, the outer spheres of which, by their everlasting motion, account for the stability of our earth, a drum-shaped body held everlastingly in a state of equipoise at the center. Whatever the inadequacy in certain details (the stars are placed nearer to the earth than the moon), with Anaximander the science of cosmological speculation took a giant step forward. As far as life on earth is concerned, Anaximander offered another striking hypothesis.The first living things, according to him, were ‘‘born in moisture, enclosed in thorny barks’’ (like sea urchins), and ‘‘as their age increased, they came forth onto the drier part’’ (as phrased by Aetius [first to second century C. E. ]). Pythagoras Although we know that Pythagoras was a historical figure, it is difficult to determine exactly what Pythagoras himself taught. He wrote nothing, and the ideas of other members of the community were attributed to him as a sign of respect and as a way of lending weight to the ideas.Plato and Aristotle rarely assign ideas to Pythagoras himself, although Pythagorean ideas seem to have influenced Plato’s philosophy. Pythagoreans asserted that number is the first principle of all things. They were the first systematic developers of mathematics in the West and discovered that natural events could be described in mathematical terms, especially as ratios. To the Pythagoreans, the â€Å"principle of number† accounted for everything. Number was a real thing. Somehow, numbers existed in space, not just as mental constructs.According to Pythagorean doctrine, the entire universe is an ordered whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements. The Greek for â€Å"ordered whole† is cosmos. The Pythagoreans were the first philosophers to use the term cosmos to refer to the universe in this way. The â€Å"celestial music of the spheres† is the hauntingly beautiful phrase the Pythagoreans coined to describe the sound of the heavens as they rotate according to cosmic number and harmony. Xenophanes A fourth Ionian philosopher, Xenophanes of Colophon, born around 580 B. C. E. , s the first we know of to overtly attack the anthropomorphism of popular religious belief, in a series of brilliant reductio ad absurdum arguments. His own view has been understood, ever since Aristotle, as pantheistic. Xenophanes was also the first philosopher we know of to ask what degree of knowledge is attainable. In B34 we read: ‘‘the clear and certain truth no man has seen, nor will there be anyone who knows about the gods and what I say about all things. ’’ Several ancient critics took this to be an indication of Xenophanes’ total scepticism. On this basis of moderate empiricism and scepticism, Xenophanes offered a number of opinions of varying plausibility about the natural world, one of which—a strong, evolutionary interpretation of the discovery on various islands of fossils of marine animals—is enough to constitute a major claim to fame in natural philosophy and ranks with his other significant steps in epistemology (the theory of knowledge dealing with what we know, how we know it, and how reliable our knowledge is), logic (the study of rational inquiry and argumentation), and natural theology (the attempt to understand God from natural knowledge).Heraclitus One of the most important and enigmatic of the Presocratics, Heraclitus (fl . 500 b. c. e. , d. 510–480 b. c. e. ), said that ignorance is bound to result when we try to understand the cosmos when we do not even comprehend the basic structure of the human psyche (soul) and its relationship to the Logos. The complex Greek word logos is intriguing.It could and at times did mean all of the following: â€Å"intelligence,† â€Å"speech,† â€Å"discourse,† â€Å"thought,† â€Å"reason,† â€Å"word,† â€Å"meaning,† â€Å"study of,† â€Å"the record of,† â€Å"the science of,† â€Å"the fundamental principles of,† â€Å"the basic principles and procedures of a particular discipline,† â€Å"those features of a thing that make it intelligible to us,† and â€Å"the rationale for a thing. † The Heraclitean capital L Logos is like God, only without the anthropomorphizing (humanizing) of the earlier philosophers and poets who attributed human qualities to the gods.According to Heraclitus’s imperso nal view of God, the Logos is a process, not an entity. As such, the Logos is unconcerned with individuals and human affairs, in much the same way that gravity affects us but is unconcerned with us. More radically yet, Heraclitus asserted that even though things appear to remain the same, â€Å"Change alone is unchanging. † Traditionally, it has been held that Heraclitus went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time. But whether he really meant that everything is always changing, or that individual things are held together by energy (change), remains unclear.Anaximenes Anaximander’s younger contemporary, Anaximenes, who lived during the sixth century B. C. E. appears to revert to a prior and less sophisticated vision in claiming that the earth, far from being a drum-shaped body held in equipoise at the center, is flat and ‘‘rides on,’’ supported by air. The same might be said of his contention that the basic, ‘‘divine’’ principle of things was not some indefinite entity but something very much part of our experience; namely, air.Anaximenes’ view would also no doubt have seemed to be corroborated by the fact that the universe, commonly understood as a living thing and hence needing a soul to vivify it, possessed in air that very ‘‘breath’’ that for most Greeks constituted the essence of such a soul. Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (fift h century b. c. e. ) radically transformed the early philosophers’ interest in cosmology, the study of the universe as a rationally ordered system (cosmos), into ontology, the study of being. By common agreement he was the giant among the pre-Socratics.According to Parmenides, none of his predecessors adequately accounted for the process by which the one basic stuff of the cosmos changes into the many individual things we experience every day. In his search for a solution to the problem of â€Å"the one and the many,† Parmenides turned to a reasoned analysis of the process of change itself. According to Parmenides, all sensations occur in the realm of appearance. This means that reality cannot be apprehended by the senses. Change and variety (the many) are only appearances; they are not real. If this is true, then our most commonly held beliefs about reality are mere opinions. The senses cannot recognize â€Å"what is,† much less can they discover—observe—it, ever. In other words, whatever we see, touch, taste, hear, or smell is not real, does not exist. Perhaps most unsettling of all, Parmenides â€Å"solved† the problem of the appearance of change by concluding—in direct opposition to Heraclitus’s insistence that everything is always changing—that the very concept of change is self-contradictory. What we think of as change is merely an illusion. The logic runs as follows: â€Å"Change† equals transformation into something else.When a thing becomes â€Å"something else,† it becomes what it is not. But since it is impossible for â€Å"nothing† (what is not) to exist, there is no â€Å"nothing† into which the old thing can disappear. (There is no â€Å"no place† for the thing to go into. ) Therefore, change cannot occur. Empedocles posited, against Parmenides, change and plurality as features of reality, but affirmed the eternality of anything that is real; the sphere-like nature of the real when looked at as a totality and the fact that the real is a plenum, containing no ‘‘nothingness’’ or ‘‘emptiness’’.Anaxagoras likewise posited change, plurality, and divisibility as features of reality, yet also affirmed the eternality of the real (understood by him as an eternally existent ‘‘mixture’’ of the ‘‘seeds’’ of the things currently constituting the world, rather than the eternal combinings and recombinings, according to certain ratios of admixture, of four eternally existent ‘‘roots’’ or elemental masses). Leucippus Leucippus of Miletus (c. fi ft h century b. c. e. ) and Democritus of Abdera (c. 460–370 b. . e. ) argued that reality consists entirely of empty space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects. T is materialistic view is known as atomism. Leucippus is credited with being the originator of atomism and Democritus with developing it. Rather than reject Parmenides’ assertion that change is an illusion, Leucippus argued that reality consists of many discrete â€Å"ones,† or beings. Zeno Zeno, who was born early in the fifth century B. C. E. , was a friend and pupil of Parmenides.In his famous paradoxes he attempted to show by a series of reductio ad absurdum arguments, of which the best known is perhaps that of Achilles and the tortoise, the self-contradictory consequences of maintaining that there is a real plurality of things or that motion or place are real. The prima facie brilliance of many of the arguments continues to impress people, though it soon becomes clear that the paradoxes turn largely on the failure or unwillingness of Zeno, like so many Pythagoreans of the day, to distinguish between the concepts of physical and geometrical space.Zeno’s way of constructing the problem makes it seem that his primary object is to defame pluralists by attacking the logical possibility of explaining how there can be motion in the world. Gorgias Gorgias has achieved fame for the stress he laid upon the art of persuasion (‘‘rhetoric’’), although whether he wrote the baffling On What Is Not as a serious piece of persuasive reasoning or as some sort of spoof of the Eleatic philosophy of Parmenides and others remains disputed.Its basic, and remarkable, claim is prima facie, that nothing in fact is (exists /is the case [esti] or is knowable or conceivable. Any exiguous plausibility that the arguments supporting this claim possess turns on our overlooking Gorgias’s failure, witting or unwitting, to distinguish carefully between knowing and thinking, along with his various uses of the verb ‘‘to be. ’’ If the failure was witting, the document can be seen as a skillful device for the spotting of fallacies as part of training in rhetoric and basic reasoning.If it was unwitting, Gorgias still emerges as what he was claimed to be—a deft rhetorical wordsmith on any topic proposed to him. Protagoras Perhaps the greatest of the Sophists was Protagoras of Abdera (481– 411 b. c. e. ). Protagoras was an archetypal Sophist: an active traveler and first-rate observer of other cultures who noted that although there are a variety of customs and beliefs, each culture believes unquestioningly that its own ways are right—and roundly condemns (or at least criticizes) views that differ from its own.Based on his observations and travels, Protagoras concluded that morals are nothing more than the social traditions, or mores, of a society or group. The details of Protagoras’s beliefs remain disputed. When he said, for example, that ‘‘anthropos [humanity] is a/the measure for all things, of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not,’’ it is unclear whether he is talking about one person or the sum total of persons; about ‘‘a’’ measure or ‘‘the’’ measure (there is no definite article in Greek); or about existence or states of affairs or both.The Platonic reading in the Theaetetus, which takes ‘‘anthropos’’ as generic and ‘‘measure’’ as exclusive, led to the assertion that the logical consequence was total (and absurd) relativism. ______________________________ References: The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Richard H. Popkin. Columbia University Press. 1999. Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy. 7th ed. Douglas J. Soccio. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010.